Fig. 1. PRISMA flow chart
Fig. 2. Meta-analysis of results for all included studies.
Fig. 3. Subgroup analyses: the characteristics of stressor. a. war-related subgroup, b. personal trauma related subgroup.
Fig. 4. Funnel plot of the effect of hippocampal volume on stress group
Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
References
- D. Miller, J. O'callaghan, "Aging, Stress and The Hippocampus", Ageing research reviews, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 123-140, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.002
- H. M. Duvemoy, The Human Hippocampus: Functional Anatomy, Vascularization and Serial Sections with MRI. p. 6-25, Springer Science & Business Media, 2005.
- J. Kieman, R. Rajakumar, Barr's the human nervous system: an anatomical viewpoint. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
- J. O'Keefe, J. Dostrovsky, "The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat", Brain Research, Vol.34, No.l, pp. 171-175, 1971. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(7n90358-l
- N. J. Broadbent, L. R. Squire, R. E. Clark, "Spatial memory, recognition memory, and the hippocampus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol.101, No.40, pp. 14515-14520, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406344101
- B. McNaughton, C. Bames, J. Gerrard, K. Gothard, M. Jung, J. Knierim, et al., "Deciphering the hippocampal polyglot: the hippocampus as a path integration system", Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol.199, No.l, pp. 173-185, 1996.
- T. Bartsch, R. Schofeld, F. J. Muller, K. Alfke, B. Leplow, J. Aldenhoff, et al., "Focal Lesions of Human Hippocampal CA1 Neurons in Transient Global Amnesia Impair Place Memory", Science, Vol.328, No.5984, pp. 1412-1415, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188160
- C. Zarow, H. V. Vinters, W. G. Ellis, M. W. Weiner, D. Mungas, L. White, H. C. Chui, "Correlates of Hippocampal Neuron Number in Alzheimer's Disease and Ischemic Vascular Dementia", Annals of neurology, Vol.57, No.6, pp. 896-903, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20503
- G. A. Higgins, D. A. Lewis, S. Bahmanyar, D. Goldgaber, D.C. Gajdusek, W. G. Young, et al., "Differential regulation of amyloid-beta-protein mRNA expression within hippocampal neuronal subpopulations in Alzheimer disease", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.85, No.4, pp. 1297-1301, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.4.1297
- C. D. Conrad, J. B. Ortiz, J. M. Judd, "Chronic Stress and Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity: Methodological and Functional Considerations", Physiology & Behavior, Vol.178, pp.66-81, 2017. DOI: https:"doi.org/ 10.1016/j .physbeh.2016.11.017
- T. Frodl, V. O'Keane, "How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HP A axis function and hippocampal structure in humans", Neurobiology of Disease, Vol.52, pp,24-37, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.nbd.2012.03.012
- B. E. Leonard, "HPA and immune axes in stress: involvement of the serotonergic system", Neuroimmunomodulation, Vol.13, No.5-6, pp.268-276, 2006. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.l159/000104854 https://doi.org/10.1159/000104854
- C. Heim, D. J. Newport, T. Mletzko, A. H. Miller, C. B. Nemeroff, "The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans", Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol.33, No.6, pp.693-710, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008
- J. D. Bremner, P. Randall, E. Vermetten, L. Staib, R. A. Bronen, C. Mazure, et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Measurement of Hippocampal Volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse-A Preliminary Report", Biological psychiatry, Vol.41, No.l, pp.23-32, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/소)006-3223(96)00162-X
- T. V. Gurvits, M. E. Shenton, H. Hokama, H. Ohta, N. B. Lasko, M. W. Gilbertson, et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Hippocampal Volume in Chronic, Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", Biological psychiatry, Vol.40, No. 11, pp. 1091-1099, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00229-6
- D. G.Baker, S. A. West, W. E. Nicholson, N. N. Ekhator, J. W. Kasckow, K. K. Hill, et al., "Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder", American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.156, No.4, pp.585-588, 1999.
- B. M. Elzinga, C. G. Schmahl, E. Vermetten, R. van Dyck, J. D. Bremner, "Higher cortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD", Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol.28, No.9, pp. 1656-1665, 2003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300226
- R. Yehuda, "Post-traumatic stress disorder", New England journal of medicine, Vol.346, No.2, pp. 108-114, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMraQ 12941
- R. Yehuda, D. Boisoneau, M. T. Lowy, E. L. Giller, "Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder", Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol.52, No.7, pp.583-593, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190065010
- J. D. Bremner, M. Vythilingam, E. Vermetten, J. Adil, S. Khan, A. Nazeer, et al., "Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse", Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol.28, No.6, pp.733-750, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02')00067-7
- G. Schwarzer, J. R. Carpenter, G. Rucker, Meta-analysis with R, Springer, 2015.
- M. E. Zimmerman, A. Ezzati, M. J. Katz, M. L. Lipton, A. M. Brickman, M. J. Sliwinski, R. B. Lipton, "Perceived Stress Is Differentially Related to Hippocampal Subfield Volumes among Older Adults", PLoS One, Vol.ll, No.5, pp.eO154530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/joumal.pone.0154530
- T. Gorbach, S. Pudas, A. Lundquist, G. Oradd, M. Josefsson, A. Salami, et al., "Longitudinal association between hippocampus atrophy and episodic-memory decline", Neurobiology of Aging, Vol.51, pp. 167-176, 2017. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.002
- A. Jatzko, S. Rothenhofer, A. Schmitt, C. Gaser, T. Demirakca, W. Weber-Fahr, et al., "Hippocampal volume in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): MRI study using two different evaluation methods", Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol.94, No. 1-3, pp.121-126, 2006. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/i.iad.2006.03.010
- A. Vyas, R. Mitra, B. S. Rao, S. Chattarji, "Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons", Journal of Neuroscience, Vol.22, No. 15, pp.6810-6818, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEURQSCI.22-15-06810.2002
- J. D. Bremner, J. Licinio, A. Darnell, J. H. Krystal, M. J. Owens, S. M. Southwick, et al., "Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder", American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.154, pp.624-629, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/lo! 1176/ajp. 154.5.624 https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.5.624
- Z. H. Cheung, W. H. Chin, Y. Chen, Y. P. Ng, N. Y. Ip, "Cdk5 is involved in BDNF-stimulated dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons", PLoS Biol, Vol.5, No.4, e63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.137l/joumal.pbio.0050063 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050063
- S. L. Patterson, T. Abel, T. A. Deuel, K. C. Martin, J. C. Rose, E. R. Kandel, "Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice", Neuron, Vol.16, No.6, pp.1137-1145, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273_80140-3
- H. Thoenen, "Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity", Science, Vol.270, No.5236, pp.593-598, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5236.593
- J. A. Bueller, M. Aftab, S. Sen, D. Gomez-Hassan, M. Burmeister, J. K. Zubieta, "BDNF Val66Met allele is associated with reduced hippocampal volume in healthy subjects", Biological psychiatry, Vol.59, No.9, pp.812-815, 2006. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/i.biopsych.2005.09.022
- T. Frodl, C. Schule, G. Schmitt, C. Bom, T. Baghai, P. Zill, et al., "Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depression", Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol.64, No.4, pp.410-416, 2007. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.410
- M. N. Dretsch, K. Williams, T. Emmerich, G. Crynen, G. Ait-Ghezala, H. Chaytow, et al., "Brain-derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress", Brain and Behavior, Vol.6, No.l, e00392, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.392
- L. Zhang, X. X. Li, X. Z. Hu, "Post-traumatic stress disorder risk and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met", World Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.6, No.l, pp.1-6, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5498/wip.v6.il.1
- N. Kozlovsky, M. A. Matar, Z. Kaplan, M. Kotler, J. Zohar, H. Cohen, "Long-term down-regulation of BDNF mRNA in rat hippocampal CA1 subregion correlates with PTSD-like behavioural stress response", International Journal of Neuropsycho- pharmacology", Vol.10, No.6, pp.741-758, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S 1461145707007560
- S. Murakami, H. Imbe, Y. Morikawa, C. Kubo, E. Senba, "Chronic stress, as well as acute stress, reduces BDNF mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus but less robustly", Neuroscience research, Vol.53, No.2, pp. 129-139, 2005. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/i.neures.2005.06.008
- J. Tsuru, Y. Tanaka, Y. Ishitobi, Y. Maruyama, A. Inoue, A. Kawano, et al., "Association of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism with HPA and SAM axis reactivity to psychological and physical stress", Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, Vol.10, pp.2123-2133, 2014. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.2147/ndt.s68629
- M. Schaaf, E. De Kloet, E. Vreugdenhil, "Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus implications for memory formation", Stress, Vol.3, No.3, pp.201-208, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890009Q01124
- D. Suri, V. A. Vaidya, "Glucocorticoid regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Relevance to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity", Neuroscience, Vol.239, pp. 196-213, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.neuroscience.2012.08.065