Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes (대한방사성의약품학회지)

Korean Society of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes (대한방사성의약품학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Radiolabeled 2D graphitic nanomaterials and their possibility for molecular imaging applications

  • Kang, Seok Min (Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University) ;
  • Kim, Chul Hee (Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University) ;
  • Kim, Dong Wook (Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University)
  • Received : 2018.12.16
  • Accepted : 2018.12.22
  • Published : 2018.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In recent years, many researchers have attempted to make use of 2D nanoparticles as molecular imaging probes since extensive investigations proved that 2D nanoparticles in the body tends to accumulate certain lesions by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. For example, graphene and carbon nitride which have high surface area and modifiable properties showed good biocompatibility and targetability when it used as imaging probes. However, poor dispersibility in physiological mediums and its uncontrolled size limited its usage in bio-application. Therefore, oxidation process and mechanical exfoliation have been developed for overcoming these problems. In this paper, we highlight the several major methods to synthesize biocompatible 2D nanomaterials like graphene and carbon nitride especially for molecular imaging study including positron emission tomography (PET).

Keywords

DHBSB1_2018_v4n2_115_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1. Proposed structures of various 2D materials. (A) Graphene, (B) Graphene oxide, (C) Carbon nitride (g-C3N4), (D) Oxidized carbon nitride (OCN).

DHBSB1_2018_v4n2_115_f0002.png 이미지

Figure 2. Illustration of 18F-labelled graphene oxide by nucleophilic fluorination.

DHBSB1_2018_v4n2_115_f0003.png 이미지

Figure 3. Illustration of 64Cu-chelated nanographene conjugates.

DHBSB1_2018_v4n2_115_f0004.png 이미지

Figure 4. Illustration of DTPA-graphene oxide complex by ϖ – ϖ stacking.

DHBSB1_2018_v4n2_115_f0005.png 이미지

Figure 5. (A) Illustration of synthesis of PEG-OCN. (B) TEM image of water-dispersed PEG-OCN nono-material. (C) Confocal fluorescence microscopic image of RAW264.7 cells using PEG-OCN nanodots after incubation with different concentrations (50 and 100 μg/mL).

References

  1. Choi W, Lahiri I, Seelaboyina R, Kang YS. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A Review. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 2010;35:52-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408430903505036
  2. Yang K, Feng L, Hong H, Cai W, Liu Z. Preparation and functionalization of graphene nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Nat Protoc 2013;8:2392-2403. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.146
  3. Chen D, Feng H, Li J. Graphene Oxide: Preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chem Rev 2012;112:6027-6053. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300115g
  4. Chabot V, Higgins D, Yu A, Xiao X, Chen Z, Zhang J. A review of graphene and graphene oxide sponge: material synthesis and applications to energy and the environment. Energy Environ Sci 2014;7:1564-1596. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43385d
  5. Yew YT, Lim CS, Eng AYS, Oh J, Park S, Pumera M. Electrochemistry of layered graphitic carbon nitride synthesised from various precursors: searching for catalytic effects. ChemPhysChem 2016;17:481-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201501009
  6. Zhu J, Xiao P, Li H, Carabineiro SAC. Graphitic carbon nitride: synthesis, properties, and applications in catalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014;6:16449-16465. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502925j
  7. Phelps ME. Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:9226-9233. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.16.9226
  8. Yang K, Wan J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Lee S-T, Liu Z. In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term biodistribution, and toxicology of PEGylated graphene in mice. ACS Nano 2010;5:516-522.
  9. Fazaeli Y, Akhavan O, Rahighi R, Aboudzadeh MR, Karimi E, Afarideh H. In vivo SPECT imaging of tumors by 198,199Au-labeled graphene oxide nanostructures. Mater Sci Eng C 2014;45:196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.019
  10. Jang SC, Kang S, Lee JY, Oh SY, Vilian ATE, Lee I, Han Y, Park JH, Cho WS, Roh C, Huh YS. Nano-graphene oxide composite for in vivo imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2018;13:221-234. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S148211
  11. Hong H, Zhang Y, Engle JW, Nayak TR, Theuer CP, Nickles RJ, Barnhart TE, Cai W. In vivo targeting and positron emission tomography imaging of tumor vasculature with $^{66}Ga$-labeled nano-graphene. Biomaterials 2012;33:4147-4156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.031
  12. Hong H, Yang K, Zhang Y, Engle JW, Feng L, Yang Y, Nayak TR, Goel S, Bean J, Theuer CP, Barnhart TE, Liu Z, Cai W. In vivo targeting and imaging of tumor vasculature with radiolabeled, antibody-conjugated nanographene. ACS Nano 2012;6:2361-2370. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204625e
  13. Cornelissen B, Able S, Kersemans V, Waghorn PA, Myhra S, Jurkshat K, Crossley A, Vallis KA. Nanographene oxide-based radioimmunoconstructs for in vivo targeting and SPECT imaging of HER2-positive tumors. Biomaterials 2013;34:1146-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.054
  14. Zhan Y, Liu Z, Liu Q, Huang D, Wei Y, Hu Y, Lian X. A facile and one-pot synthesis of fluorescent graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for bio-imaging applications. New J Chem 2017;41:3930-3938. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ00058H
  15. Zhang X, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang Q, Xie J, Tian Y, Wang J, Xie Y. Single-layered graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots for two-photon fluorescence imaging of cellular nucleus. Adv Mater 2014;26: 4438-4443. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400111
  16. Oh J, Yoo RJ, Kim SY, Lee YJ, Kim DW, Park S. Oxidized carbon nitrides: water-dispersible, atomically thin carbon nitride-based nanodots and their performances as bioimaging probes. Chem Eur J 2015;21:6241-6246. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406151
  17. Kim JK, Park S, Yoo RJ, et al. Thin PEGylated carbon nitrides: water-dispersible organic nanodots as bioimaging probes. Chem Eur J 2018;24:3506-3511. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201704761
  18. Zhang X, Xie X, Wang H, Zhang J, Pan B, Xie Y. Enhanced photoresponsive ultrathin graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets for bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc 2012;135:18-21.