References
- Aikawa, M., Hiraki, T., Tamaki, M., Shoga, M. (2003) Difference between filtering-type bulk and wet-only data sets based on site classification. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2597-2603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00214-0
- Akkoyunlu, B.O., Tayanc, M. (2003) Analyses of wet and bulk deposition in four different regions of Istanbul, Turkey. Atmospheric Environment 37, 3571-3579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00349-2
- Balestrini, R., Arisci, S., Brizzio, M.C., Mosello, R., Rogora, M., Tagliaferri, A. (2007) Dry deposition of particles and canopy exchange: Comparison of wet, bulk and throughfall deposition at five forest sites in Italy. Atmospheric Environment 41, 745-756.
- Chantara, S., Chunsuk, N. (2008) Comparison of wetonly and bulk deposition at Chiang Mai (Thailand) based on rainwater chemical composition. Atmospheric Environment 42, 5511-5518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.022
- Chiwa, M., Ide, J., Ohgi, D., Tashiro, N., Koga, S., Shibata, H., Satoh, F., Otsuki, K. (2007) Chemical characteristics of precipitation and streamwater at the Ashoro Research Forest and Kasuya Research Forest. Bulletin of The Kyushu University Forest 88, 33-43 (in Japanese).
- Dammgen, U., Erisman, J.W., Cape, J.N., Grünhage, L., Fowler, D. (2005) Practical considerations for addressing uncertainties in monitoring bulk deposition. Environmental Pollution 134, 535-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.08.013
- EC-UN/ECE. (2000) Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe, 2000 Technical Report. EC, UN/ECE 2000, Brussels, Geneva, pp. 1-191.
- Gosz, J.R. (1980) Nutrient budget studies for forests along an elevational gradient in New Mexico. Ecology 61, 515-521. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937417
- Hicks, B.B. (1985) Network monitoring of dry deposition of trace gases and submicron particles. In: Special Environmental Report No.16, Lectures presented at the WMO Technical Conference on observation and measurement of atmospheric contaminants, TECOMAC. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, pp. 387-393.
- Imamura, N., Tanaka, N., Ohte, N., Yamamoto, H. (2012) Nutrient transfer with rainfall in the canopies of a broad-leaved deciduous forest in Okuchichibu. Journal of Japanese Forest Society 94, 74-83 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.94.74
- Kamataki, H., Akiyama, K., Watanabe, T., Ishii, K., Tsukada, Y., Kazama, H., Yoshino, N. (1995) Estimating contribution ratio of sources to suspended particulate matter using chemical mass balance method for regional difference in Tokyo. Annual Report of Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute 18-26 (in Japanese).
- Kamataki, H., Komeiji, T., Yamada, M. (2000) Characterization of ion components in atmospheric aerosol in Tokyo district. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 12, 891-900 (in Japanese).
- Kulshrestha, U.C., Sarkar, A.K., Srivastava, S.S., Parashar, D.C. (1995) Wet-only and bulk deposition studies at New Delhi (India). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 85, 2137-2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186150
-
Lai, S., Zou, S., Cao, J., Lee, S., Ho, K. (2007) Characterizing ionic species in
$PM_{2.5}$ and$PM_{10}$ in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China. Journal of Environmental Sciences 19, 939-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60155-7 - Lee, D.S., Longhurst, J.W. (1992) A comparison between wet and bulk deposition at an urban site in the U.K. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 64, 635-648. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00483372
- Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T., Buso, D.C., Siccama, T.G., Johnson, C.E., Lovett, G.M., Ryan, D.F., Fahey, T., Reiners, W.A. (1994) The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 25, 61-125.
- Lindberg, S.E., Lovett, G.M., Richter, D.D., Johnson, D.W. (1986) Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest. Science 231, 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4734.141
- Lovett, G.M., Lindberg, S.E. (1984) Dry deposition and canopy exchange in a mixed oak forest as determined by analysis of throughfall. Journal of Applied Ecology 21, 1013-1027.
- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan (2005) Road traffic census 2005. http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/census/h17/. Accessed on 2012 December 17.
- Mosello, R., Marchetto, A., Tartari, G.A. (1988) Bulk and wet atmospheric deposition chemistry at Pallanza (N. Italy). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 42, 137-151.
- R Development Core Team (2009) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
- Richter, D.D., Lindberg, S.E. (1988) Wet deposition estimates from long-term bulk and event wet-only samples of incident precipitation and throughfall. Journal of Environmental Quality 17, 619-622.
-
Sakugawa, H., Kaplan, I.R., Shepard, L.S. (1993) Measurements of
$H_2O_2$ , aldehydes and organic acids in Los Angeles rainwater: Their sources and deposition rates. Atmospheric Environment 27B, 203-219. - Sakurai, T., Kiyono, T., Nakae, S., Fujita, S. (2002) Analysis of ammonia behavior in the Kanto region. Journal of Japanese Society for Atmospheric Environment 37, 155-165 (in Japanese).
- Seto City (2013) Statistical report in Seto City. http://www.city.seto.aichi.jp/docs/2013042200015/. Accessed on 2014 May 27.
- Staelens, J., De Schrijver, A., Van Avermaet, P., Genouw, G., Verhoest, N. (2005) A comparison of bulk and wetonly deposition at two adjacent sites in Melle (Belgium). Atmospheric Environment 39, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.055
- Stedman, J.R., Heyes, C.J., Irwin, J.G. (1990) A comparison of bulk and wet-only precipitation collectors at rural sites in the United Kingdom. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 52, 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229445
- Swank, W.T. (1984) Atmospheric contributions to forest nutrient cycling. Water Resources Bulletin 20, 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04710.x
- Tanner, P.A. (1999) Analysis of Hong Kong daily bulk and wet deposition data from 1994 to 1995. Atmospheric Environment 33, 1757-1766. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00340-9
- Thimonier, A. (1998) Measurement of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: Some recommendations for equipment and sampling design. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 52, 353-387. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005853429853
-
Yokota, H., Akiyama, K., Miyoshi, T., Ueno, H., Ishii, K., Higuchi, Y., Ito, Y. (2010) Study of estimating of
$PM_{2.5}$ source contribution using Chemical Mass Balance Method. Annual Report of Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute 148-149 (in Japanese).
Cited by
- Geographic Factors Explain the Variability of Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen onto Coniferous Forests Within and Beyond the Tokyo Metropolis vol.231, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-4467-4