Figure 1. Content model of O*NET (O*NET, 2018)
Table 1. Definition of science and technology workforce and STEM occupations
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of skills, knowledge, and work activities
Table 3. Result of principal component analysis (PCA)
Table 4. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the first component in PCA
Table 5. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the second component in PCA
Table 6. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the third component in PCA
Table 7. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the fourth component in PCA
Table 8. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the fifth component in PCA
Table 9. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the sixth component in PCA
Table 10. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the seventh component in PCA
Table 11. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the eighth component in PCA
참고문헌
- Ahn, J., Yoon, S., Kim, C., & Choi, S. (2017). Understanding Female High School Students' Science-Related Career Choise and It's Change-Focus on the Science Career Cultural Capital Perspective. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 37(1), 49-61.
- Autor, D., Levy, F., Murnane, R. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical explorations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 279-332.
- Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
- Cho, K. (2010). High-quality Science and Technology Workforce: Definitions and Estimation. Korean Journal of Labor Studies, 16(1), 201-383. https://doi.org/10.17005/kals.2010.16.1.201
- Choi, Y. S., Chae, C. G., Hwang, G. H., Jeong, J. H., & Jang. H.(2017). A study on the paradigmatic change of skill regime in Korea. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
- ETS. (2013). Identifying the Most Important 21st Century Workforce Competencies: An Analysis of the Occupational Information Network(O*NET). ETS Research Report RR-13-21.
- Finnish National Board of Education. (2016). Curriculum Reform in Finland. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi.
- Han, S. (2006). A Basic Study for Developing KRIVET Occupational Outlook Indicators. Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
- Hong, S. M. (2015). An analysis of the deviation from S&T workforce career-path in Korea. Journal of Engineering Education Research, 18(1), 11-19
- Hong, S. M., Kim, H. J., Jo, G. W., Park, K. B., Kim, S. W., & Jung, J. H. (2013). Future Science and Engineering Talents. Science and Technology Policy Institute.
- Horn, J. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
- Hwang. G., Lee, S., & Jang, H. (2016). Diffusion of AI(Artificial Intelligence) and Changes of Skills. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
- Jang, G. (2004). An Analysis on the Factors Affecting on the Procedures of Becoming a Scientist. Journal of Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 24(6), 1131-1142.
- Jang, H., & Kim, H. (2015). STEM Professionals in Korea: High-level Skills and Wage Penalty. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 18(3), 211-240.
- Jang, H. (2016). Identifying 21st Century STEM Competencies Using Workplace Data. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(2), 284-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9593-1
- Jang, H. (2017). Technological developments and changes of core competencies. Unpublished paper.
- Jang, H. (2018a). How to download the O*NET data. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/RTnUFLwmUuQ.
- Jang, H. (2018b). PCA Report. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V9y7vHFLViyw5npqipjqgdWcRWEAh0tR/view?usp=sharing.
- Kim, J., Shin, S., Lim, H., & Noh, T. (2008). Middle and High School Students' Awareness on Scientific or Technological Workplaces and Relevant Professions. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 28(8), 890-900.
- Kim, S., & Yoo, M. (2012). Comparison on the Vocational Values and the Science Career Orientation between Middle School Scientifically Gifted Students and Non-Gifted Students. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 32(7), 1222-1240. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2012.32.7.1222
- Koonce, D.A., Zhou, J., Anderson, C. D., Hening, D. A., & Conley, V. M. (2011). AC 2011-289: What is STEM? In American Society for Engineering Education. American Society for Engineering Education.
- Kwak, Y. S.(2016). Competency-based Curriculum in Science. Paju: Kyoyookbook.
- Lee, H., Choi, K., Lee, J. K., Ma, K. H., & Lee, K. (2005). Study on the Secondary School Students' Perception on Scientists and Woman Scientist as Career and Its Role Model. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 25(2), 184-196.
- Lim, Y., Choi, D., & Park, M. (2008) Core competencies required in the job world of future society. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation.
- Lim, Y., Min, B., & Hong, H. (2015). Development and Application Effect of Design-based STEAM Program for Boosting the Career Consciousness of 5-6th Grade Elementary School Students for Natural Sciences and Engineering. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 35(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2015.35.1.0073
- Lu, M., Chung, C., & Wang, P. (1998). Knowledge and Skills of IS Graduates: A Hong Kong Perspective. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 39(2), 40-47.
- McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092
- Meier, R. L., Williams, M. R., & Humphreys, M. A. (2000). Refocusing our efforts: Assessing non-technical competency gaps, Journal of Engineering Education, 89, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2000.tb00539.x
- Ministry of Education. (2015). Science Curriculum. Retrieved from http://www.ktbook.com/info/2015개정교육과정/별책9_과학과%20교육과정.pdf.
- National Research Council. (2008). Research on future skill demands: A workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
- National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, cross-cutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington. DC: National Academies Press.
- National Science Foundation. (2015). National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/.
- NCS. (2018). NCS Learning module. Retrieved from https://www.ncs.go.kr/unity/ th03/ncsSearchMain.do.
- O'connor, B.P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
- OECD/Eurostat. (1995). The measurement of Human Resources Devoted to Science and Technology - Canberra Marual, Paris: OECD.
- O*NET. (2014). O*NET. Retrieved from https://www.onetonline.org/
- O*NET. (2015). O*NET Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.onetcenter.org/db_releases.html.
- O*NET. (2018). O*NET Content Model. Retrieved from https://www.onetcenter.org/content.html.
- O*NET Online. (2018). Browse STEM Occupations. Retrieved from https://www.onetonline.org/find/stem?t=0.
- Peterson, N. G., Mumford, M. D., Borman, W. C., Jeanneret, P. R., Fleishman, E. A. (1999). An Occupational Information System for the 21st Century: The Development of O*NET. American Psychological Association.
- Seo, H., Jang, S., & Pereira-Mendoza, L. (2004). Establishment of Science Education Policy Plan for Elementary and Middle Gifted Students to Enter Science and Engineering. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
- Shin, S., Rchmatullah, A., Ha, M., & Lee, J. (2016). A Longitudinal Study of Science Core School Students' STEM Career Motivation, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 36(6), 835-849. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2016.36.6.0835
- Shin, S., Ha, M., & Lee, J. (2016). The Development and Validation of Instrument for Measuring High School Students' STEM Career Motivation, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 36(1), 76-86.
- Sim, J., Lee, Y., & Kim, H. (2015). Understanding STEM, STEAM Education, and Addressing the Issues Facing STEAM in the Issues Facing STEAM in the Korean Context, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 35(4), 709-723. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2015.35.4.0709
- So, K. H.(2017). Understanding Curriculum. Paju: Kyoyookbook.
- Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..
- Tang, H., Lee, S., & Koh, S. (2001). Educational gaps as perceived by IS educators: A survey of knowledge and skill requirements, Journal of Computer Information System, 41(2), 76-84.
- Uhm, M. (2007). Meaning and Status of Science and Technology Workforce In Uhm, M., & Jin, M. (Ed.), Korea's Science and Technology Workforce, (pp. 10-32). Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
- UNESCO. (1984). Manual for Statistics on Scientific and Technological Activities. Paris: UNESCO.
- Watson, A. (2014). Spotlight on Statistics: BLS Statistics by Occupation, STEM occupations list. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/oes/publications.htm.
- Woolnough, B. E. (1994). Factors affecting students' choice of science and engineering. International Journal of Science Education, 16(6), 659-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069940160605
- Yoon, J. (2002). Factors of Students' Career Choice Related to Science. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 22(4), 906-921.
- Yoon, J., Park, S., & Myeong, J. (2006). A Survey of Primary and Secondary School Students' Views in Relation to a Career in Science. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 26(6), 675-690.