DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

과학, 기술, 공학, 수학(STEM) 직종에 요구되는 핵심 역량 분석

Identifying Key Competencies Required for STEM Occupations

  • 투고 : 2018.09.30
  • 심사 : 2018.12.11
  • 발행 : 2018.12.31

초록

현대 사회에서는 기술이 발전하고 산업이 분화되면서 학생들은 다양한 진로를 선택할 수 있게 되었다. 과학, 기술, 공학, 수학 분야는 다른 분야에 비해 오랜 교육과 경력이 필요하므로 과학기술 직종에 필요한 역량에 기반을 두어 과학교육정책을 설계하고, 학습자가 가진 능력과 적성에 맞는 과학기술 진로를 제시할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 과학기술 인력과 STEM 직종에 대한 정의를 탐색하고, 미국 노동부에서 운영 및 관리하는 표준 직업 정보($O^*NET$)를 사용하여 STEM 직종의 핵심 역량을 분석하였다. 이 연구는 $O^*NET$의 숙련, 지식, 직업 활동으로 구성된 총 109개의 지표를 대상으로 기술통계와 주성분 분석을 하였다. 그 결과, STEM 직종의 핵심 역량은 STEM 문제해결 역량, 관리역량, 기술 역량, 사회 서비스 역량, 교육 역량, 설계 역량, 생물 화학 역량, 공공서비스 역량으로 구성되며 이들은 전체 분산의 70%를 설명한다. 이 연구는 과학기술직종의 다양성과 과학기술 직종에 요구되는 역량을 구체적으로 보여주어 중등 및 대학교육에서 교육과정 및 교육목표를 설정하는데 참고자료로써 활용될 수 있으며, 개인의 적성에 맞는 개별화된 과학진로교육에 기여할 것이다.

In modern society, as technology develops and industry diversifies, students can choose from a variety of career paths. Since science, technology, engineering, and mathematics require a longer education and experience than other fields, it is important to design science education policies based on the competencies required for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations. This study explores the definition of science and technology manpower and STEM occupations and identifies core competencies of STEM occupations using standard job information operated and maintained by the US Department of Labor ($O^*NET$). We specially analyzed ratings of the importance of skills (35 ratings), knowledge (33 ratings), and work activities (41 ratings) conducting descriptive analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). As a result, core competencies of STEM occupations consist of STEM problem-solving competency, Management competency, Technical competency, Social service competency, Teaching competency, Design competency, Bio-chemistry competency, and Public service competency, which accounts for 70% of the total variance. This study can be a reference for setting the curriculum and educational goals in secondary and college education by showing the diversity of science and technology occupations and the competencies required for STEM occupations.

키워드

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1. Content model of O*NET (O*NET, 2018)

Table 1. Definition of science and technology workforce and STEM occupations

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0001.png 이미지

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of skills, knowledge, and work activities

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3. Result of principal component analysis (PCA)

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0003.png 이미지

Table 4. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the first component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0004.png 이미지

Table 5. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the second component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0005.png 이미지

Table 6. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the third component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0006.png 이미지

Table 7. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the fourth component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0007.png 이미지

Table 8. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the fifth component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0008.png 이미지

Table 9. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the sixth component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0009.png 이미지

Table 10. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the seventh component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0010.png 이미지

Table 11. Skills, knowledge, and work activities with loading over 0.5 for the eighth component in PCA

GHGOBX_2018_v38n6_781_t0011.png 이미지

참고문헌

  1. Ahn, J., Yoon, S., Kim, C., & Choi, S. (2017). Understanding Female High School Students' Science-Related Career Choise and It's Change-Focus on the Science Career Cultural Capital Perspective. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 37(1), 49-61.
  2. Autor, D., Levy, F., Murnane, R. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical explorations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 279-332.
  3. Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  4. Cho, K. (2010). High-quality Science and Technology Workforce: Definitions and Estimation. Korean Journal of Labor Studies, 16(1), 201-383. https://doi.org/10.17005/kals.2010.16.1.201
  5. Choi, Y. S., Chae, C. G., Hwang, G. H., Jeong, J. H., & Jang. H.(2017). A study on the paradigmatic change of skill regime in Korea. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
  6. ETS. (2013). Identifying the Most Important 21st Century Workforce Competencies: An Analysis of the Occupational Information Network(O*NET). ETS Research Report RR-13-21.
  7. Finnish National Board of Education. (2016). Curriculum Reform in Finland. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi.
  8. Han, S. (2006). A Basic Study for Developing KRIVET Occupational Outlook Indicators. Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
  9. Hong, S. M. (2015). An analysis of the deviation from S&T workforce career-path in Korea. Journal of Engineering Education Research, 18(1), 11-19
  10. Hong, S. M., Kim, H. J., Jo, G. W., Park, K. B., Kim, S. W., & Jung, J. H. (2013). Future Science and Engineering Talents. Science and Technology Policy Institute.
  11. Horn, J. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  12. Hwang. G., Lee, S., & Jang, H. (2016). Diffusion of AI(Artificial Intelligence) and Changes of Skills. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
  13. Jang, G. (2004). An Analysis on the Factors Affecting on the Procedures of Becoming a Scientist. Journal of Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 24(6), 1131-1142.
  14. Jang, H., & Kim, H. (2015). STEM Professionals in Korea: High-level Skills and Wage Penalty. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 18(3), 211-240.
  15. Jang, H. (2016). Identifying 21st Century STEM Competencies Using Workplace Data. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(2), 284-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9593-1
  16. Jang, H. (2017). Technological developments and changes of core competencies. Unpublished paper.
  17. Jang, H. (2018a). How to download the O*NET data. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/RTnUFLwmUuQ.
  18. Jang, H. (2018b). PCA Report. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V9y7vHFLViyw5npqipjqgdWcRWEAh0tR/view?usp=sharing.
  19. Kim, J., Shin, S., Lim, H., & Noh, T. (2008). Middle and High School Students' Awareness on Scientific or Technological Workplaces and Relevant Professions. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 28(8), 890-900.
  20. Kim, S., & Yoo, M. (2012). Comparison on the Vocational Values and the Science Career Orientation between Middle School Scientifically Gifted Students and Non-Gifted Students. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 32(7), 1222-1240. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2012.32.7.1222
  21. Koonce, D.A., Zhou, J., Anderson, C. D., Hening, D. A., & Conley, V. M. (2011). AC 2011-289: What is STEM? In American Society for Engineering Education. American Society for Engineering Education.
  22. Kwak, Y. S.(2016). Competency-based Curriculum in Science. Paju: Kyoyookbook.
  23. Lee, H., Choi, K., Lee, J. K., Ma, K. H., & Lee, K. (2005). Study on the Secondary School Students' Perception on Scientists and Woman Scientist as Career and Its Role Model. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 25(2), 184-196.
  24. Lim, Y., Choi, D., & Park, M. (2008) Core competencies required in the job world of future society. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation.
  25. Lim, Y., Min, B., & Hong, H. (2015). Development and Application Effect of Design-based STEAM Program for Boosting the Career Consciousness of 5-6th Grade Elementary School Students for Natural Sciences and Engineering. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 35(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2015.35.1.0073
  26. Lu, M., Chung, C., & Wang, P. (1998). Knowledge and Skills of IS Graduates: A Hong Kong Perspective. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 39(2), 40-47.
  27. McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092
  28. Meier, R. L., Williams, M. R., & Humphreys, M. A. (2000). Refocusing our efforts: Assessing non-technical competency gaps, Journal of Engineering Education, 89, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2000.tb00539.x
  29. Ministry of Education. (2015). Science Curriculum. Retrieved from http://www.ktbook.com/info/2015개정교육과정/별책9_과학과%20교육과정.pdf.
  30. National Research Council. (2008). Research on future skill demands: A workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  31. National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, cross-cutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington. DC: National Academies Press.
  32. National Science Foundation. (2015). National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/.
  33. NCS. (2018). NCS Learning module. Retrieved from https://www.ncs.go.kr/unity/ th03/ncsSearchMain.do.
  34. O'connor, B.P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396-402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
  35. OECD/Eurostat. (1995). The measurement of Human Resources Devoted to Science and Technology - Canberra Marual, Paris: OECD.
  36. O*NET. (2014). O*NET. Retrieved from https://www.onetonline.org/
  37. O*NET. (2015). O*NET Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.onetcenter.org/db_releases.html.
  38. O*NET. (2018). O*NET Content Model. Retrieved from https://www.onetcenter.org/content.html.
  39. O*NET Online. (2018). Browse STEM Occupations. Retrieved from https://www.onetonline.org/find/stem?t=0.
  40. Peterson, N. G., Mumford, M. D., Borman, W. C., Jeanneret, P. R., Fleishman, E. A. (1999). An Occupational Information System for the 21st Century: The Development of O*NET. American Psychological Association.
  41. Seo, H., Jang, S., & Pereira-Mendoza, L. (2004). Establishment of Science Education Policy Plan for Elementary and Middle Gifted Students to Enter Science and Engineering. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
  42. Shin, S., Rchmatullah, A., Ha, M., & Lee, J. (2016). A Longitudinal Study of Science Core School Students' STEM Career Motivation, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 36(6), 835-849. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2016.36.6.0835
  43. Shin, S., Ha, M., & Lee, J. (2016). The Development and Validation of Instrument for Measuring High School Students' STEM Career Motivation, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 36(1), 76-86.
  44. Sim, J., Lee, Y., & Kim, H. (2015). Understanding STEM, STEAM Education, and Addressing the Issues Facing STEAM in the Issues Facing STEAM in the Korean Context, Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 35(4), 709-723. https://doi.org/10.14697/jkase.2015.35.4.0709
  45. So, K. H.(2017). Understanding Curriculum. Paju: Kyoyookbook.
  46. Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..
  47. Tang, H., Lee, S., & Koh, S. (2001). Educational gaps as perceived by IS educators: A survey of knowledge and skill requirements, Journal of Computer Information System, 41(2), 76-84.
  48. Uhm, M. (2007). Meaning and Status of Science and Technology Workforce In Uhm, M., & Jin, M. (Ed.), Korea's Science and Technology Workforce, (pp. 10-32). Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
  49. UNESCO. (1984). Manual for Statistics on Scientific and Technological Activities. Paris: UNESCO.
  50. Watson, A. (2014). Spotlight on Statistics: BLS Statistics by Occupation, STEM occupations list. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/oes/publications.htm.
  51. Woolnough, B. E. (1994). Factors affecting students' choice of science and engineering. International Journal of Science Education, 16(6), 659-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069940160605
  52. Yoon, J. (2002). Factors of Students' Career Choice Related to Science. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 22(4), 906-921.
  53. Yoon, J., Park, S., & Myeong, J. (2006). A Survey of Primary and Secondary School Students' Views in Relation to a Career in Science. Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education, 26(6), 675-690.