Fig. 1. Circuit topology of the mobile DC de-icer based on MMC.
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the MMC de-icer: (a) AC loop, (b)DC loop.
Fig. 3. Operating range of DC voltage modulation indexes of theFMMC and HMMCs.
Fig. 4. Startup process of the proposed startup strategies.
Fig. 5. Single-phase equivalent circuit and vector diagram.
Fig. 6. Constant modulation index charging strategy.
Fig. 7. Constant power charging strategy.
Fig. 8. Average voltage of all SMs and reactive power control.
Fig. 9. De-icing current and phase average voltage control.
Fig. 10. Individual SM voltage control.
Fig. 11. PSC-PWM modulation block diagram.
Fig. 12. Photographs of the 10 kV 1.5 kA mobile MMC de-icer.(a) Appearance of the whole system. (b) A section of the SMbank. (c) Single power module.
Fig. 13. Electrical diagram of zero-power experiment scheme.
Fig. 14. SM average voltages during the startup procedure.
Fig. 15. Arm currents during the startup process.
Fig. 16. Line-to-line voltages of the utility grid.
Fig. 17. Dc, AC, and arm currents on rated ice-melting currentzero-power condition.
Fig. 18. SM average voltages of six arms on rated ice-meltingcurrent zero-power condition.
Fig. 19. SM average voltages of six arms on rated ice-meltingcurrent zero-power condition.
Fig. 20. SM average voltages of six arms on rated STATCOMcondition.
Fig. 21. Currents and SM average voltage of phase-a on thede-icing transient condition.
TABLE I MAIN-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF 10 KV 1.5 KA MMC DE-ICER
TABLE II MAIN-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS FOR THE MMC DE-ICER
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