Fig. 1. A model of peroxisomal biogenesis. Peroxisome biogenesis is coordinated by two different pathways, de novo biogenesis and the ‘growth and division’. First, peroxisomes can be formed by peroxisome assembly and maturation of pre-peroxisomal vesicles originated from ER or mitochondria, which contain preperoxisomal carriers, including PEX3 and PEX16. Second, peroxisomes can proliferate the numbers by a growth and division progress from existing peroxisomes. PEX11 and Drp1 proteins mediate elongation and fission of the peroxisomes.
Fig. 2. Pexophagy regulators. Pexophagy istriggered by both stress conditions andperoxisomal dysfunctions. Ubiquitination ofPMPs, such as peroxins and PMP70, pro-motes pexophagy. Both NBR1 and p62 actas autophagy adaptor proteins, which in-teract with PMPs and sequester target pe-roxisome into autophagosomes. Underconditions of oxidative stress, the ataxia-telangiectasia mutation activates pexopha-gy by phosphorylating PEX5, leading to itsubiquitination. Pexophagy may be regulat-ed by an unidentified protein (X).
Table 1. Peroxisomal proteins and their relevance with pathological aspects
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