Figure 1. One-dimensional proton NMR analysis of serum. NMR spectra of serum obtained at 6 h after the post-administration of several concentration of deep sea water. Numbers indicate individual metabolites as follows: 1, isoleucine/valine; 2, leucine; 3, ethanol; 4, 3-hydroxybutyrate; 5, lactate; 6, threonine; 7, alanine; 8, acetate; 9, methionine; 10, glutamine; 11, adipic acid; 12, acetoacetate; 13, pyruvate; 14, citrate; 15, creatine; 16, creatinine; 17, lysine; 18, choline; 19, arginine; 20, trimethylamine N-oxide; 21, proline; 22, glycine; 23, glycerol; 24, ethylene glycol; 25, glucose; 26, phenylalanine.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of alcohol metabolism. Hepatic metabolic changes associated to ethanol metabolism are shown. ADH, ALDH, NAD and NADH+ indicate alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively.
Figure 3. Effects of DSMW on the blood alcohol concentration of rats. Each point represents the mean±SD for group of six rats. Results of the control group (alcohol plus distilled water and group treated with DSMW(T1-T4) (alcohol plus DSMW) are shown. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 indicate, significances of results.
Table 1. Comparison of mineral contents of deep sea water (DSW) and sea water. The mineral ingredient content of each DSW and seawater wre analyzed by the Adur Outdoor Activities Centre (AOAC) method.
Table 2. Quantitative comparison of 12 metabolites found in blood of normal, control and alcohol treated rats. The relative concentration was determined using 1H NMR analysis.
Table 3. Concentration ratios of 8 metabolites found in blood of normal, control, and alcohol treated rats. Abbreviations are as follows: E/A, Ethanol/Acetate; L/P, Lactate/Pyruvate; A/3-HB, Acetoacetate/3-Hydroxybutyrate; Gln/Glu, Glutamine/Glutamate.
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