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초등학생의 분수와 분수 연산에 대한 이해 양상

Examining how elementary students understand fractions and operations

  • Park, HyunJae (Graduate School of Education, Sogang University) ;
  • Kim, Gooyeon (Department of Mathematics Education, Sogang University)
  • 투고 : 2018.10.26
  • 심사 : 2018.11.28
  • 발행 : 2018.11.30

초록

This study examines how elementary students understand fractions with operations conceptually and how they perform procedures in the division of fractions. We attempted to look into students' understanding about fractions with divisions in regard to mathematical proficiency suggested by National Research Council (2001). Mathematical proficiency is identified as an intertwined and interconnected composition of 5 strands- conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning, and productive disposition. We developed an instrument to identify students' understanding of fractions with multiplication and division and conducted the survey in which 149 6th-graders participated. The findings from the data analysis suggested that overall, the 6th-graders seemed not to understand fractions conceptually; in particular, their understanding is limited to a particular model of part-whole fraction. The students showed a tendency to use memorized procedure-invert and multiply in a given problem without connecting the procedure to the concept of the division of fractions. The findings also proposed that on a given problem-solving task that suggested a pathway in order for the students to apply or follow the procedures in a new situation, they performed the computation very fluently when dividing two fractions by multiplying by a reciprocal. In doing so, however, they appeared to unable to connect the procedures with the concepts of fractions with division.

키워드

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[그림 1] 카테시안 곱의 역 모델(Sinicrope, Mick & Kolb, 2002, p. 159) [Fig. 1] Division as the inverse of a cartesian product (Sinicrope, Mick & Kolb, 2002, p. 159)

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[그림 2] 문항 1-2 [Fig. 2] Survey question 1-2

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[그림 3] 문항 1-6 [Fig. 3] Survey question 1-6

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[그림 4] 문항 1-9 [Fig. 4] Survey question 1-9

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[그림 5] 문항 2-1 [Fig. 5] Survey question 2-1

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[그림 6] 문항 2-3 [Fig. 6] Survey Question 2-3

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[그림 7] 코드북 일부 [Fig. 7] A sample of codebook

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[그림 8] ‘몫으로서의 분수’ 이해 모델 답안 [Fig. 8] Fractions as a quotient

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[그림 9] ‘비로서의 분수’ 이해 모델 이용 답안 [Fig. 9] Fractions as a ratio

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[그림 10] ‘부분-전체의 비교로서의 분수’ 이해 모델 이용 답안 [Fig. 10] Fractions as part-whole

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[그림 11] 분수의 의미에 대한 높은 수준의 이해 답안 [Fig. 11] Higher-level response to the meaning of fractions

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[그림 12] 분수의 의미에 대한 낮은 수준의 이해 답안 [Fig. 12] Lower-level response to the meaning of fractions

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[그림 13] 분모를 통분하면 같다. [Fig. 13] Same denominator

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[그림 14] ‘부분-전체의 비교로서의 분수’ 모델 (149명 중 7명) [Fig. 14] Part-whole comparison (7/149)

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[그림 15] ‘몫으로서의 분수’ 모델 (149명 중 4명) [Fig. 15] Quotient (4/149)

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[그림 16] 제수의 역수를 곱하는 방법 사용 예 1 [Fig. 16] Using Multiplying reciprocals 1

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[그림 17] 제수의 역수를 곱하는 방법 사용 예 2 [Fig. 17] Using Multiplying reciprocals 2

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[그림 18] 문항 2-1 PWC 수준 응답 [Fig. 18] PWC response to 2-1

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[그림 19] 문항 2-1 Lower 수준 응답 [Fig. 19] Lower-level response to 2-1

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[그림 20] 문항 2-2 PWC 수준 응답 [Fig. 20] PWC response to 2-2

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[그림 21] 문항 2-2 LOWER 수준 응답 [Fig. 21] Lower-level response to 2-2

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[그림 22] 문항 2-3 PWC 수준 답안 [Fig. 22] PWC response to 2-3

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[그림 23] 문항 2-3 LOW 수준 답안 (149명 중 48명) [Fig. 23] Lower-level response to 2-3 (48/149)

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[그림 24] 문항 2-4 PWC 수준 답안 (149명 중 1명) [Fig. 24] PWC response to 2-4 (1/149)

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[그림 25] 문항 2-4 Lower 수준 답안 (149명 중 61명) [Fig. 25] Lower-level response to 2-4 (61/149)

[표 1] 분수 이해 모델: 개념이해와 절차사용 [Table 1] Making sense of fractions: conceptual understanding and procedural fluency

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[표 2] 개념이해 및 절차사용의 수준 [Table 2] Levels of conceptual understanding and procedural fluency

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[표 3] 학생 응답 분석틀 (Lower-level) [Table 3] Student response analysis framework (Lower-level)

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[표 4] 학생 응답 분석틀 (Higher-level) [Table 4] Student response analysis framework

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[표 5] 응답 분석수준 [Table 5] Analysis framework

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[표 6] 연구 대상 [Table 6] Participants

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[표 7] 검사 문항 구성 [Table 7] Survey questions

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[표 8] 2차 코드 [Table 8] Second rounding codes

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[표 9] 문항 1-8 답안의 분포 [Table 9] Student response to 1-8

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[표 10] 문항 1-1, 1-2, 1-8 답안 분포 [Table 10] Student response to 1-1, 1-2, 1-8

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[표 11] 인지적 노력수준에 따른 답안 수준 분석 [Table 11] Student Response Level

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[표 12] 분수의 개념이해 수준이 높은 응답 수준 [Table 12] Conceptual understanding of fractions: higher-level response

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[표 13] 분수의 개념이해 수준이 낮은 응답 수준 [Table 13] Conceptual understanding of fractions: lower-level

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[표14] 분수의 개념이해 수준이 I 수준인 응답 수준 [Table 14] Conceptual understanding of fractions: I-level

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[표 15] 2009개정 교육과정 초등 수학교과서 분수 단원 [Table 15] 2009 National Curriculum: Fractions in the elementary mathematics textbook

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