The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY (한국해양학회지:바다)

The Korean Society of Oceanography (한국해양학회)
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Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments of the eastern Yellow Sea

황해 동부해역 표층퇴적물의 중금속 농도 분포

  • SUN, CHUL-IN (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • PARK, GEON-WOO (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • PARK, HYEON-SIL (Marine Ecosystem Management Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • PARK, JUN KUN (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • KIM, SEONG GIL (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • CHOI, MAN SIK (Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University)
  • 선철인 (해양환경공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 박건우 (해양환경공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 박현실 (해양환경공단 해양생태팀) ;
  • 박준건 (해양환경공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 김성길 (해양환경공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 최만식 (충남대학교 해양환경과학과)
  • Received : 2018.05.28
  • Accepted : 2018.10.24
  • Published : 2018.11.30
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Abstract

In order to determine the distribution characteristics of the heavy metals in surface sediments of the eastern Yellow Sea, heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, Ni, Co, Li, Fe and Al) together with grain size and total organic carbon (TOC), were analyzed. The concentrations of all heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, Mn and As in some stations, were relatively high in the central area of the Yellow Sea and tended to decrease toward the Korean coast. A significant relationship between grain size and concentrations of heavy metals suggested that they were mostly controlled by quartz dilution effect. However, at some stations, Pb, Mn and As exhibited different distribution patterns. For Pb, the differences were caused by petrogenetic influences (feldspar) in coarse-grained sediments. In the case of Mn, biogenetic influences ($CaCO_3$) affected distribution patterns. As was distributed differently because of the existence of a heavy mineral (pyrite). A comparison with previous data (collected in 2000) shows that the heavy metal concentration in the eastern Yellow Sea has not increased over the past fifteen years. The sedimentary environment of dumping sites in the Yellow Sea has not been significantly improved during this period. The results of the pollution assessment revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the study area were lower than lower criteria (TEL, MSQ-1) in Korean and Chinese sediment quality guidelines. The enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index ($I_{geo}$) and ecological risk index (ERI) of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr were higher in the central area of the Yellow Sea.

황해 동부해역 표층퇴적물의 중금속 분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 입도, 유기탄소(TOC)와 함께 중금속 원소들(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, Ni, Co, Li, Fe, Al)의 농도를 분석하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 일부 정점에서 Pb, Mn, As를 제외하면 모든 중금속 농도의 분포는 입도 및 TOC의 분포와 유사하게 황해 중앙해역에서 상대적으로 높고, 한국 연안으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 입도와 중금속 농도간의 관계를 통하여 대부분의 금속은 입도가 세립할수록 농도가 높게 나타나는 일반적인 경향을 보였다. 그러나 일부 정점에서 Pb은 조립질 퇴적물에서의 암석기원(feldspar) 영향, Mn은 생물기원($CaCO_3$) 영향, As는 중광물(pyrite) 특성에 따라 분포 양상이 다르게 나타났다. 과거에 조사한 자료(2000년)와 비교했을 때, 황해 동부해역에서 지난 15년 동안의 추가적인 중금속 농축은 없었고, 투기해역에 대한 저질환경은 과거에 비해 크게 개선되지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 연구해역 내 모든 중금속의 농도는 한국과 중국에서 규정하고 있는 최소기준(TEL, MSQ-1)보다 낮았지만, 농축지수(enrichment factor; EF), 농집지수(geo-accumulation index; $I_{geo}$), 생태위해성지수(ecological risk index; ERI)는 Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr이 황해 중앙해역에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났다.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling sites in the eastern Yellow Sea.

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Fig. 2. The spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments.

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Fig. 3. Relationships between heavy metals and mean grain size in surface sediments.

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Fig. 4. Scatter plots of years vs. heavy metals(mg/kg)/Al(%) ratios in surface sediments.

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Fig. 5. Box-and-whisker plots for (a) EF and (b) Igeo of heavy metals in surface sediments. plots show median, 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles as vertical boxes with error bars. The outliers are shown as ‘●’.

Table 1. The classification of EF, Igeo and ERI

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Table 2. Summary of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments from the eastern Yellow Sea and other regions together with the sediment quality guidelines

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Table 3. Ei and ERI values of heavy metals in surface sediments

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