DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

건축용 난연 목재 개발에 대한 실험 연구

An Experimental Study on the Development of Fire-retardant Treated Wood for Construction

  • 서현정 (인천대학교 안전공학과) ;
  • 김남균 (인천대학교 안전공학과) ;
  • 조정민 (인천대학교 안전공학과) ;
  • 이민철 (인천대학교 안전공학과)
  • Seo, Hyun Jeong (Department of Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University) ;
  • Kim, Nam Kyun (Department of Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University) ;
  • Jo, Jeong Min (Department of Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University) ;
  • Lee, Min Chul (Department of Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University)
  • 투고 : 2017.07.25
  • 심사 : 2017.10.23
  • 발행 : 2017.10.31

초록

This study investigates fire-retardant performances and combustion/thermal characteristics of fire-retardant treated wood by comparing them with those of fire-retardant untreated wood from the expreimental resutls of cone calorimeter and thermo-gravimetric(TG) analyzer. Hazardousness of combustion product gases for fire-retardant treated wood and untreasted wood were also observed from the results of internal finish material incombustibility test according to the Korea standard code of KS F 2271. In this study, we also tried to improve the fire retardant performance of wood by applying fire-retardant chemical composites, and to secure the fire safety performance in buildings. Red pine (Pinus densiflora) was selected as a test specimen because it is mostly used as a building material in Korea. Fire retardant chemical composites (FRCs) were prepared by mixing boron, phosphorous, and nitrogen species and treated by press-impregnation method. Water-based FRCs were composed of 3% boric acid($H_3BO_3$), 3% borax decahydrate($Na_2B_4O_7$), 8% ammonium carbonate($(NH_4)_2CO_3$), diammonium phosphate ($(NH_4)_2HPO_4$) varied from 10-30% and potassium carbonate($K_2CO_3$) varied from 10-30%. From the test results of cone calorimeter, TG analysis and gas hazard assessments, newly proposed were the optimal composition and production methods of FRCs which can sufficiently meet fire-retardant level 3 based on Korea law of construction. Thus, the FRCs, developed in this study, are anticipated to contribute to the improvement of fire safety and widespread of usage in wood as building materials.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Y. G. Eom, "Wood and Engineered Wood as The Eco-friendly Building Materials", Air Cleaning Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 26-49, 2007.
  2. H. J. Seo, J. E. Park and D. W. Son, "Combustion and Thermal Characteristics of Korean Wood Species", Bioresources, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 7537-7550, 2016.
  3. Y. Park, B. Jun, J. Seo and S. Kim, "The Improvement of Thermal Conductivity of Wood-based Panel for Laminated Flooring Used the Exfoliated Graphite for Heating Energy Conservation", Journal of the Society of Living Environmental System Korea, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 650-655, 2011.
  4. H. J. Seo, S. Kim, D. W. Son and S. B. Park, "Review on Enhancing Flame Retardant Performance of Building Materials using Carbon Nanomaterials", Journal of the Society of Living Environmental System Korea, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 514-526, 2013.
  5. H. J. Seo, M. R. Kang, J. E. Park and D. W. Son, "Combustion Characteristics of Useful Imported Woods", J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol., Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 19-29, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2016.44.1.19
  6. L. A. Lowden and T. R Hull, "Flammability Behaviour of Wood and a Review of the Methods for Its Reduction", Fire Science Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1-19, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-0414-2-1
  7. H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen and H. S. Yang, "Thermal Properties of Bio-flour-Filed Polyolefin Composites with Different Compatibilizing Agent Type and Content", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 451, No. 1-2, pp. 181-188, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.013
  8. M. Delichatsios, B. Paroz and A. Bhargava, "Flammability Properties for Charring Materials", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 219-228, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00080-2
  9. Y. J. Chung, "Comparison of Combustion Properties of the Pinus Regida, Castanea Sativa and Zelkoa Serrata", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science and Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 73-78, 2009.
  10. Y. J. Chung, "Comparison of Combustion Properties of Native Wood Species used for Fire Pots in Korea", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15-19, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2010.01.031
  11. M. Gao, B. Ling, S. Yang and M. Zhao, "Flame Retardance of Wood Treated with Guanidine Compouns Characterized by Thermal Degradation Behavior", Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 151-156, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2005.01.006
  12. S. Liang, N. M. Neisius and S. Gaan, "Recent Developments in Flame Retardant Polymeric Coatings", Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 76, No. 11, pp. 1642-1665, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014
  13. T. Randoux, J. Vanovervelt, H. V. Bergen and G. Camino, "Halogen-free Flame Retardant Radiation Curable Coatings", Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 45, No. 2-3, pp. 281-289, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00051-6
  14. B. Li, "Influence of Polymer Additives on Thermal Decomposition and Smoke Emission of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 467-476, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00201-5
  15. A. P. Mouritz, Z. Mathys and A. G. Gibson, "Heat Release of Polymer Composites in Fire", Compos Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 1040-1054, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.01.030
  16. J. I. Kim, J. Park, Y. T. Kong, B. H. Lee, H. J. Kim and J. K. Roh, "Performance on Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Coatings for Wood and Wood-based Materials", Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 172-179, 2002.
  17. H. J. Seo, S. Kim and D. W. Son, "The Evaluation of the Flame Retardant Performance of the Wood-based bUilding Materials Applied to Carbon Materials", Journal of the Society of Living Environmental System Korea, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 514-526, 2014.
  18. H. J. Park, M. Wen, S. H. Cheon, J. Hwang and S. W. Oh, "Flame Retardant Performance of Wood Treated with Flame Retardant Chemicals", Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 311-318, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2012.40.5.311
  19. B. W. Shin and K. S. Chung, "Combustion Characteristics and Thermal Properties for Wood Flour-high Density Polyethylene Composites", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 89-95, 2012.
  20. J. Jiang, J. Li, J. Hu and D. Fan, "Effect of Nitrogen Phosphorus Flame Retardants on Thermal Degradation of Wood", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 2633-2637, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.064
  21. C. Branca and C. D. Blasi, "Semi-global Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Diammonium Phosphate Impregnated Wood", Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 97-104, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.01.008
  22. S. Liodakis, D. Vorisis and I. P. Agiovlasitis, "Testing the Retardancy Effect of Various Inorganic Chemicals on Smoldering Combustion of Pinus Halepensis Needles", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 444, No. 2, pp. 157-165, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.03.010
  23. K. Ozkaya, A. C. Ilce, E. Burdurlu and S. Aslan, "The Effect of Potassium Carbonate, Borax and Wolmanit on the Burning Characteristics of Oriented Strandboard (OSB)", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 1457-1462, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.07.001
  24. K. C. Tsai, "Orientation Effect on Cone Calorimeter Test Results to Assess Fire Hazard of Materials", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 172, No. 2-3, pp. 763-772, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.061
  25. J. Luche, T. Rogaume, F, Richard and E. Guillaume, "Characterization of Thermal Properties and Analysis of Combustion Behavior of PMMA in a Cone Calorimeter", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 451-461, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.07.005
  26. KS F ISO 5660-1, "Reaction to Fire Test - Heat Release. Smoke Production And Mass Loss Rate - Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method)", Korean Standards Association, 2003.
  27. J. Yang and C. Roy, "Using DTA to Quantitatively Determine Enthalpy Change Over a Wide Temperature Range by the "Mass-Difference Baseline Method"", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 333, No. 2-3, pp. 131-140, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(99)00106-9
  28. KS F 2271, "Testing Method for Incombustibility of Internal Finish Material and Element of Buildings", Korean Standards Association, 2006.
  29. A. D. Cavdar, "Effect of Various Wood Preservatives on Limiting Oxygen Index Levels of Fir Wood", Measurement, Vol. 50, pp. 279-284, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.01.009
  30. A. D. Cavdar, F. Mengeloglub and K. Karakus, "Effect of Boric Acid and Borax on Mechanical, Fire and Thermal Properties of Wood Flour Filled High Density Polyethylene Composites", Measurement, Vol. 60, pp. 6-12, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.078
  31. J. A. Drysdale, "Boron Treatments for the Preservation of Wood - a Review of Efficacy Data for Fungi and Termites", IRG/WP 94-30037, 1994.
  32. P. D. Evans, P. J. Beutel, C. F. Donnelly, and R. B. Cunningham, "Fire Resistance of Preservative Treated Fence Posts", IRG/WP 94-30033, 1994.
  33. H. J. Seo, S. Kim, W. Huh, K. W. Park, D. R. Lee, D. W. Son, and Y. S. Kim, "Enhancing the Flame-retardant Performance of Wood-based Materials using Carbon-based Materials," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 123, pp. 1935-1942, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4553-9
  34. G. Camino, "Fire Retardant Polymer Materials New Perspectives", Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Eighth INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, pp. 101-110, 2005.
  35. L. Zhou, Y. Jia, T. H. Nguyen, A. A. Adesina, and Z. Liu, "Hydropyrolysis cHaracteristics and Kinetics of Potassiumimpregnated Pine Wood", Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 116, pp. 149-157, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.05.005
  36. Y. J. Park, H. P. Lee, and C. S. Baek, "A Study on the Emissions of $CO_2$/non-$CO_2$ for the Crown Layer and Surface Layer of Pine Trees", Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 111-118, 2015. https://doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2015.30.1.111
  37. H. J. Seo, J. K. Baek, and M. C. Lee, "A Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Useful Imported Wood for Building Materials - Focusing on the North American species (Douglas-fir, Western Red cedar) and African species (Makore, Padauk, Bubinga) -", Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 8-14, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2017.32.3.8
  38. H. J. Seo, W. Hwang, and M. C. Lee, "Fire Properties of Pinus densiflora Utilizing Fire-retardant Chemicals based on Borated and Phosphorus (I) - Combustion Characteristics", Bioresources, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 5417-5427, 2017.