Korean Journal of Child Studies (아동학회지)

Korean Association of Child Studies (한국아동학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Influence of Maternal Emotional Expression on Preschoolers' Behavior Problems: Dual Mediating Effects of Preschoolers' Emotional Temperament and Emotion Regulation

어머니의 부정적 정서표현이 유아의 문제행동에 미치는 영향 : 유아의 정서성 기질과 정서조절의 순차적 이중매개효과

  • Lim, Ji Young (Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lee, Yoon Jeong (Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyungpook National University)
  • 임지영 (경북대학교 아동가족학과) ;
  • 이윤정 (경북대학교 아동가족학과)
  • Received : 2016.11.05
  • Accepted : 2017.04.10
  • Published : 2017.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to examine the dual mediating effects of preschoolers' emotional temperament and emotion regulation in the relationship between maternal emotional expression and preschoolers' behavior problems. Methods: The participants included 167 preschoolers and their mothers from Daegu city and Gyeonsang province. The mothers completed questionnaires regarding their own emotional expression, children's temperament, emotion regulation, and behavior problems. Results: The primary results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant correlations among maternal emotional expression, preschoolers' emotional temperament, emotion regulation, and problem behaviors. Second, maternal emotional expression had an indirect effect on preschoolers' behavior problems through preschoolers' emotional temperament and emotion regulation. Conclusion: This study revealed that maternal negative emotional expression and preschoolers' temperament and emotion regulation need to be considered simultaneously to explain the level of preschoolers' behavior problems. More specifically, the results highlight the dual mediating effects of preschoolers' temperament and emotion regulation in the relationship between maternal negative emotional expression and preschoolers' behavior problems.

Keywords

References

  1. Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(7), 1-37. doi:10.1037/h0093906
  2. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.85.6.1275
  3. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(1), 1-82. doi:10.2307/1165983
  4. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont.
  5. Asher, S. R., Parkhurst, J. T., Hymel, S., & Williams, G. A. (1990). Peer rejection and loneliness in childhood. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 253-273). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, T. (1993). Alernative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp.135-162). Newbury, CA: Sage.
  7. Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: The Guilford Press.
  8. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. Oxford: Wiley-Interscience.
  9. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  10. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1986). The EAS approach to temperament. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges (pp. 67-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  11. Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 53-72. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01277.x
  12. Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: A multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 477-498. doi:10.1017/s095457940200305x
  13. Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 486-498. doi:10.2307/1131592
  14. Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen. Child Development, 66(1), 55-68. doi:10.2307/1131190
  15. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228-249. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
  16. Ciccehtti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15-48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  17. Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1990). Peer group behavior and social status. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 17-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  18. Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.
  19. Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: The role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 23-45. doi:10.1017/s0954579400001024
  20. Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 311-343. doi:10.1300/j002v34n03_06
  21. Dodge, K. A. (1993). The future of research on the treatment of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5(1-2), 311-319. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004405
  22. Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 349-371. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.349
  23. Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1), 50-76. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50
  24. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 138-156. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23087912
  25. Eisenberg, N., & McNally, S. (1993). Socialization and mothers' and adolescents' empathy-related characteristics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3(2), 171-191. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0302_4
  26. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
  27. Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., . . . Murphy, B. C. (2001). Mother's emotional expressivity and children's behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children's regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37(4), 475-490. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.4.475
  28. Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Morris, A. S. (2002). Regulation, resiliency, and quality of social functioning. Self and Identity, 1(2), 121-128. doi:10.1080/152988602317319294
  29. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Shepard, S. A., . . . Cumberland, A. J. (2003). The relations of effortful control and ego control to children's resiliency and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 761-776. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.761
  30. Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1992). Young children's coping with interpersonal anger. Child Development, 63(1), 116-128. doi:10.2307/1130906
  31. Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and cooccurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1159-1175. doi:10.1037/a0020659
  32. Fischer, B., & Ramsperger, E. (1984). Human express saccades: Extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements. Experimental Brain Research, 57(1), 191-195. doi:10.1007/bf00231145
  33. Foster, P. A., Reese-Weber, M., & Kahn, J. H. (2007). Fathers' parenting hassles and coping: Associations with emotional expressiveness and their sons' socioemotional competence. Infant and Child Development, 16(3), 277-293. doi:10.1002/icd.507
  34. Garner, P. W., & Power, T. G. (1996). Preschoolers' emotional control in the disappointment paradigm and its relation to temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness. Child Development, 67(4), 1406-1419. doi:10.2307/1131708
  35. Gibb, B. E. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 223-246. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00088-5
  36. Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., & McCall, R. B. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 505-529. doi:10.2307/1130527
  37. Halberstadt, A. G., Cassidy, J., Stifter, C. A., Parke, R. D., & Fox, N. A. (1995). Self-expressiveness within the family context: Psychometric support for a new measure. Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 93-103. doi:.10.1037//1040-3590.7.1.93
  38. Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social competence. Social Development, 10(1), 79-119. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00150
  39. Hester, P. P., Baltodano, H. M., Gable, R. A., Tonelson, S. W., & Hendrickson, J. M. (2003). Early intervention with children at risk of emotional/behavioral disorders: A critical examination of research methodology and practices. Education and Treatment of Children, 26(4), 362-381. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42899767
  40. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  41. Hyson, M. C. (1994). The emotional development of young children: Building an emotion-centered curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
  42. Johnson, V. K., & Lieberman, A. F. (2007). Variations in behavior problems of preschoolers exposed to domestic violence: The role of mothers' attunement to children's emotional experiences. Journal of Family Violence, 22(5), 297-308. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9083-1
  43. Kochanska, G. (1994). Beyond cognition: Expanding the search for the early roots of internalization and conscience. Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 20-22. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.30.1.20
  44. Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 199-214. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.18.2.199
  45. Kopp, C. B. (1992). Emotional distress and control in young children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1992(55), 41-56. doi:10.1002/cd.23219925505
  46. Lavigne, J. V., Binns, H. J., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Christoffel, K. K., Hayford, J. R., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998). Psychopathology and health care use among preschool children: A retrospective analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(3), 262-270. doi:10.1097/00004583-199803000-00010
  47. Lipscomb, S. T., Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Ge, X., & Reiss, D. (2011). Trajectories of parenting and child negative emotionality during infancy and toddlerhood: A longitudinal analysis. Child Development, 82(5), 1661-1675. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01639.x
  48. Mash, E. J., & Dozois, D. J. A. (1996). Child psychopathogy: A developmental systems perspective. In the E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkely (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 3-71). New York: Guilford Press.
  49. Mischel, W. (1981). Summary evaluation and future directions. In T. V. Merluzzi, C. R. Glass, & M. Genest (Eds.), Cognitive assessment (pp. 479-502). New York: Guilford Press.
  50. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
  51. Nelson, B., Martin, R. P., Hodge, S., Havill, V., & Kamphaus, R. (1999). Modeling the prediction of elementary school adjustment from preschool temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 687-700. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00174-3
  52. Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., & Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139-168). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
  53. Ramsden, S. R., & Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: Their role in children's emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholog y, 30(6), 657-667. doi:10.1023/a:1020819915881
  54. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  55. Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. Advances in developmental psychology, 1, 37-86.
  56. Rubin, K. H., Hastings, P., Chen, X., Stewart, S., & McNichol, K. (1998). Intrapersonal and maternal correlates of aggression, conflict, and externalizing problems in toddlers. Child Development, 69(6), 1614-1629. doi:10.2307/1132135
  57. Saarni, C. (1990). Emotional competence: How emotions and relationships become integrated. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 115-182). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  58. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906
  59. Stocker, C. M., Richmond, M. K., Rhoades, G. K., & Kiang, L. (2007). Family emotional processes and adolescents' adjustment. Social Development, 16(2), 310-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00386.x
  60. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Children's anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: Relations with parents' empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13(2), 229-254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000265.x
  61. Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013). Common genetic influences on negative emotionality and a general psychopathology factor in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 1142-1153. doi:10.1037/a0034151
  62. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1976). Evolution of behavior disorders into adolescence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(5), 539-542. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.133.5.539
  63. Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249-268). New York: Guilford Press.
  64. An, R. (2005). The relationship between children's individual variables, mothers' emotionality and the children's emotional development, social competence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10024327
  65. Bae, M.-J. (2008). The relations among the mother's emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, parenting attitudes, and children's behavior problems (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11267497
  66. Cha, C. Y. (1999). The effects of expressed emotion on depression (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T7408122
  67. Jang, Y.-J., & Lee, K.-Y. (2014). A study on the longitudinal relationship between mothers' negative emotions and the emotional temperament of infants using an adapted autoregressive cross-lagged model. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 34(3), 67-84. doi:10.18023/kjece.2014.34.3.004
  68. Jung, M. (2003). Maternal parenting experience, depression, marital conflict, & parenting behavior predicting school children's maladjustment (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungbuk National University, Cheongju.
  69. Jwa, H.-S., & Byeon, K. Y. (2010). The developmental trajectories and factors associated with internalizing problem from late childhood to early adolescence. Journal of School Social Work, 19, 113-140. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A82513274
  70. Kim, J., Chung, J.-N., & Min, S. H. (2007). Maternal behavioral inhibition/activation system and preschooler's emotional intelligence: Mediated by maternal emotional expressiveness. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28(4), 113-126.
  71. Kim, J. M., & Kim, J. (2014). The effects of mothers' emotion expression on preschool children's emotion regulation: Focusing on the mediation of children's temperament. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 32(3), 137-146. doi:10.7466/jkhma.2014.32.3.137
  72. Kim, J.-Y., Do, H.-S., & Kim, M.-J. (2008). Problem behavior of preschool children: The influence of marital conflict and of children's temperament and emotion regulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(5), 133-150.
  73. Kim, K. S. (2010). Amos 18.0 structural equation modeling. Seoul: Hannarae.
  74. Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, J. (2011). Development of emotion regulation scale for children. Korean Journal of Counseling, 12(4), 1091-1108. doi:10.15703/kjc.12.4.201108.1097
  75. Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, J. (2014). The influence of family risks and emotion regulation on children's problem behaviors: Testing the moderated mediation effect of social support. Korean Journal of Counseling, 15(3), 1257-1276. doi:10.15703/kjc.15.3.201406.1257
  76. Kim, Y. (2007). A study on the relationships of the child's temperament, psychological f amil y environment variables and behavior problems (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11340606
  77. Lee, H. M. (1998). The relationships among maternal attitudes toward children's expressiveness, children's self-regulation and emotional intelligence (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T8548687
  78. Lee, J. S., & Mun, B. K. (2010). The effects of preschoolers' temperament on behavior problems: The mediating roles of maternal emotion regulation strategies. Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(4), 55-74. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100633998
  79. Lee, K.-N. (2009). The effects of maternal emotion expression, temperament and self-esteem on emotion regulation among children. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 18(6), 1209-1219. doi:10.5934/kjhe.2009.18.6.1209
  80. Lee, Y. S., Chung, Y. S., & Lee, K. Y. (2006). Mother's emotional expressivity, young children's self-regulation and peer competency. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 2(1), 41-63. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A77013980
  81. Lim, H.-J. (2015). A study on factors affecting the internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors by the child's sex. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 35(2), 97-115. doi:10.18023/kjece.2015.35.2.005
  82. Oh, K. J., & Kim, Y. A. (2008). CBCL 1.5-5 Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5-5: parental. Seoul: Huno-Consulting.
  83. Seo, H., & Lee, Y. (2008). The effects of maternal attitude toward child's emotional expressiveness and maternal emotional expressiveness on preschoolers' emotional regulation strategies. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(2), 33-56.
  84. Shin, Y. O. (2007). The relationship between a rearing attitude of working and non-working mothers and an emotional intelligence of their children (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11043149
  85. Song, S.-J., & Yu, Y. (2011). The relations between mother's ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and children's strategies of emotion regulation and social competence. The Journal of Social Science, 30(1), 115-130. doi:10.18284/jss.2011.06.30.1.115
  86. Woo, S.-K., & Chong, Y.-S. (2003). The relationships between parents' emotional expressiveness and children's social competence. Journal of Human Ecology, 7(1), 99-119. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A76397983
  87. Yoo, E. H., & Lim, M. O. (2006). The relationship between parents' emotional expressiveness and children's self-regulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 27(6), 97-106.