DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Lipopolysaccaride로 유도된 Raw 264.7 세포에서 큰열매모자반 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 활성

Anti-inflammatory Activities of an Ethanol Extract of Sargassum macrocarpum in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

  • 천지민 (동의대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김향숙 (동의대학교 항노화연구소) ;
  • 최은옥 (동의대학교 항노화연구소) ;
  • 권다혜 (동의대학교 항노화연구소) ;
  • 최영현 (동의대학교 항노화연구소) ;
  • 김병우 (동의대학교 바이오응용공학부) ;
  • 황혜진 (동의대학교 식품영양학과)
  • 투고 : 2017.09.05
  • 심사 : 2017.10.18
  • 발행 : 2017.12.30

초록

본 연구에서는 갈조류인 큰열매모자반 에탄올 추출물(Ethanol extract of Sargassum Macrocarpum, EESM)의 항염증 활성을 조사하였다. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 염증이 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 EESM에 의한 항염증 효과를 조사한 결과 EESM은 nitric oxide (NO)와 prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$)의 분비를 억제하는 결과를 보였고, 이는 inducible NO synthase (iNOS)와 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현 역시 억제하였다. 또한 전염증성 사이토카인인 tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$)와 interleukin 1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)의 발현도 억제하였다. 이러한 염증반응이 어떤 신호경로를 통해 일어나는지 알아보기 위해 nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt 그리고 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 신호전달 경로를 조사한 결과 EESM에 의해 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 세포질에서 핵으로 이동과 Akt 단백질의 인산화가 억제되었고 MAPK에 속하는 kinase 중 ERK의 단백질 인산화가 억제되었다. 따라서 EESM이 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 신호계를 포함한 PI3K/Akt 및 MAPK/ERK 신호경로를 동시에 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)과 그 전사 인자인 nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)의 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 EESM에 의해 HO-1 및 Nrf2의 발현이 증가됨을 보였다. 본 연구 결과 EESM은 높은 항염증 활성을 갖는 것으로 확인되였으며 향후 잠재적인 기능성 소재로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Sargassum macrocarpum is a widely distributed marine brown algae found in the North Pacific. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanol extract of S. macrocarpum (EESM). First, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of EESM in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. EESM treatment suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and inhibited the expressions of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$), was decreased in a dose dependent manner. Investigation of the signaling pathways of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) revealed suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ translocation from the cytosol to nucleus by EESM treatment. The phosphorylation of the Akt and ERK proteins was also inhibited by EESM treatment. EESM treatment also stimulated the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These results suggest that EESM has anti-inflammatory activity and could have potential uses in the field of nutraceuticals.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Albina, J. E. and Reichner, J. S. 1995. Nitric oxide in inflammation and immunity. New Horiz. 3, 461-464.
  2. Arthur, J. S. and Ley, S. C. 2013. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 679-692. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3495
  3. Balogun, E., Hoque, M., Gong, P., Killeen, E., Green, C. J. Foresti, R., Alam, J. and Motterlini, R. 2003. Curcumin activates the heme oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant responsive element. Biochem. J. 371, 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20021619
  4. Cerella, C., Sobolewski, C., Dicato, M. and Diederich, M. 2010. Targeting COX-2 expression by natural compounds: a promising alternative strategy to synthetic COX-2 inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Biochem. Pharmachol. 15, 1801-1815.
  5. Choi, H. S., Kim, S. R., Hong, S. H., Ku, J. M., Kim, M. K., Seo, H. S., Cho, S. G., Shin, S., Shin, Y. C. and Ko, S. G. 2013. Water extract of deer bones activates macrophages and alleviates neutropenia. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 617302.
  6. Chung, H. T., Pae, H. O., Choi, B. M., Billiar, T. R. and Kim, Y. M.2001. Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 282, 1075-1079. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4670
  7. Condliffe, A. M., Cadwallader, K. A., Walker, T. R., Rintoul, R. C., Cowburn, A. S. and Chilvers, E. R. 2000. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase: a critical signalling event in pulmonary cells. Respir. Res. 1, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1186/rr8
  8. Feghali, C. A. and Wright, T. M. 1997. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation, Front. Biosci. 2, 12-26.
  9. Forstermann, U. and Kleinert, H. 1995. Nitric oxide synthase: expression and expressional control of the three isoforms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 352, 351-364.
  10. Fujihara, M., Muroi, M., Tanamoto, K., Suzuki, T., Azuma, H. and Ikeda, H. 2003. Molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation and deactivation by lipopolysaccharide: roles of the receptor complex. Pharmacol. Ther. 100, 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.08.003
  11. Guha, M. and Mackman, N. 2001. LPS induction of gene expression in human monocytes. Cell. Signal. 13, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-6568(00)00149-2
  12. Halliwell B. and Gutteridge J. M. C. 1999. Antioxidant defenses. In Free radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd end. Oxford Science Publications. 105-159.
  13. Hink, U. and Munzel, T. 2006. COX-2, another important player in the nitric oxide-endothelin cross-talk: good news for COX-2 inhibitors?. Circ. Res. 98, 1344-1346. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000228471.38761.93
  14. Hoffmann, J. A., Kofatos, F. C., Janeway, C. A. and Ezekowitz, R. A., 1999. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 284, 1313-1318. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1313
  15. Iwalewa, E. O., Mcgaw, L. J., Naidoo, V. and Eloff, J. N. 2007. Inflammation: the foundation of diseases and disorders. A review of phytomedicines of south African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. African J. Biotechnol. 6, 2868-2885. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2457
  16. Kwon, D. H., Kang, H. J., Choi, Y. H., Chun, K. T., Lee, J. H., Kang K. H., Hyun, S. K., Kim, B. W. and Hwang, H. J. 2016. Immunomodulatory activity of water extract of Ulmus macrocarpa in macrophages. J. Life Sci. 26, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2016.26.1.50
  17. Laroux, F. S. 2004. Mechanisms of inflammation: the good, the ban and the ugly. Front. Biosci. 9, 3156-3162. https://doi.org/10.2741/1468
  18. Locksley, R. M., Killeen, N. and Lenardo, M. J. 2001. The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104, 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9
  19. Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, C. A. Jr. 1998. An ancient system of host defense. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80024-1
  20. Miyasaka, N. and Hirata, Y. 1997. Nitric oxide and inflammatory arthritides. Life Sci. 61, 2073-2081. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00585-7
  21. Needleman, P. and Isakson, P. C. 1997. The discovery and function of COX-2. J. Rheumatol. 24, 6-8.
  22. Otterbein, L. E. and Choi, A. M. 2000. Heme oxygenase: colors of defense against cellular stress. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 279, 1029-1037. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1029
  23. Ren, K. and Torres, R. 2009. Role of interleukin-1${\beta}$ during pain and inflammation. Brain Res. Rev. 60, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.020
  24. Shan, Y., Lambrecht, R. W., Donohue, S. E. and Bonkovsky, H. L. 2006. Role of Bach1 and Nrf2 in up-regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 gene by cobalt protoporphyrin. FASEB J. 20, 2651-2653. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.06-6346fje
  25. Takeda, K., Kaisho, T. and Akira, S. 2003. Toll-like receptors. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 21, 335-376. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126
  26. Tsanga, C. K., Inaa, A., Gotob, T. and Kameia, Y. 2005. Sargachromenol, a novel nerve growth factor-potentiating substance isolated from Sargassum macrocarpum, promotes neurite outgrowth and survival via distinct signaling pathways in PC12D cells. Neuroscience 132, 633-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.028
  27. Turini, M. E. and DuBois, R. N. 2002. Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target. Ann. Rev. Med. 53, 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103952
  28. Yoon, Y. I., Hwang, J. S., Ahn, M. Y., Lee, Y. B., Han, M. S., Goo, T. W. and Yun, E. Y. 2015. Inhibition of inflammation by Popillia flavosellata ethanol extract in LPS- induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Life Sci. 25, 993-999. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2015.25.9.993
  29. Yuto, K., Miyuki, S., Ken-ichiro, H., Ryuta, T. and Hiroshi, N. 2009. The novel anti-Propionibacterium acnes compound, Sargafuran, found in the marine brown alga Sargassum macrocarpum. J. Antibiot. 62, 259-263. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2009.25
  30. Wang, Y., Vodovotz, Y., Kim, P. K., Zamora, R. and Billiar, T. R. 2002. Mechanisms of hepatoprotection by nitric oxide. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 962, 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04085.x