DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Biosensors for On-the-spot Detection of Bacteria from Foods

식품 유래 박테리아 현장검출용 바이오센서

  • Lee, Won-Il (SAIHST, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology) ;
  • Kim, Bo-Yeong (SAINT, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology) ;
  • Son, Young-Min (SAIHST, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology) ;
  • Kim, Ari (SAINT, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology) ;
  • Lee, Nae-Eung (Department of Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 이원일 (성균관대학교 융합의과학과) ;
  • 김보영 (성균관대학교 나노과학기술학과) ;
  • 손영민 (성균관대학교 융합의과학과) ;
  • 김아리 (성균관대학교 나노과학기술학과) ;
  • 이내응 (성균관대학교 신소재공학부)
  • Received : 2016.09.25
  • Accepted : 2016.09.30
  • Published : 2016.09.30

Abstract

Recently there have been extensive research activities on the development of on-the-spot detection technologies for bacteria from foods due to growing high demand for food safety. In particular, on-the-spot detection devices using biosensors with rapid, highly sensitive and multiplexed sensing capability are promising for portable or mobile applications. Firstly, issues related to on-the-spot bacteria detection are discussed. Then, detection methods for bacteria, types of biosensors depending on transducing principle and receptors, and platforms for integration of biosensors and signal readers are reviewed. Finally, prospects for development of on-the-spot detection devices are summarized.

Keywords

References

  1. J. M. Bosilevac, M. N. Guerini, D. M. Brichta-Harhay, and M. Koohmaraie, "Microbiological characterization of imported and domestic boneless beef trim used for ground beef", J. Food Prot. Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 440-449, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.440
  2. L. Cabedo, L. Picart I Barrot, and A. Teixido I Canelles, "Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella in ready-to-eat food in Catalonia, Spain", J. Food Prot. Vol. 71, No. 4, pp 855-859, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.4.855
  3. S. D. Manning, A. S. Motiwala, A. C. Springman, W. Qi, D. W. Lacher, L. M. Ouellette, J. M. Mladonicky, P. Somsel, J. T. Rudrik, S. E. Dietrich, W. Zhang, B. Swaminathan, D. Alland, and T. S. Whittam, "Variation in virulence among clades of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with disease outbreaks", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 105, No. 12, pp 4868-4873, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710834105
  4. J. I. Esteban, B. Oporto, G. Aduriz, R. A. Juste, and A. Hurtado, "A survey of food-borne pathogens in free-range poultry farms", Int. J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 123, No. 1-2, pp 177-182, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.012
  5. M. Fricker, R. Reissbrodt, and M. Ehling-Schulz, "Evaluation of standard and new chromogenic selective plating media for isolation and identification of Bacillus cereus", Int. J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 121, No. 1, pp 27-34, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.10.012
  6. A. Townsend, Encyclopedia analytical science, Academic Press, New York, pp.2057-2066, 1995.
  7. F. Breitling and S. Dubel, Recombinant antibodies, John Wiley and Sons Inc, NewYork, pp 154, 1999.
  8. P. Leonard, S. Hearty, J. Brennan, L. Dunne, J. Quinn, T. Chakraborty, and R. O'Kennedy, "Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water", Enzyme Microb. Technol. Vol. 32, No. 1, pp 3-13, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00232-6
  9. G. Kohler and C. Milstein, "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity", Nature Vol. 256, No. 5517, pp 495-497, 1975. https://doi.org/10.1038/256495a0
  10. W. B. Shim, J. G. Choi, Z. Y. Yang, K. H. Lee, M. G. Kim, S. D. Ha, K. S. Kim, K. Y. Kim, C. H. Kim, K. S. Ha, S. A. Eremin, and D. H. Chung, "Production of monoclonal antibody against Listeria monocytogenes and its application to immunochromatography strip test", J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 1152-1161, 2007.
  11. B. Borck. H. Stryhn, A. K. Ersboll, and K. Pedersen, "Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. In turkey samples: evaluation of two automated enzyme immunoassays and conventional microbiological techniques", J.Appl. Microbiol. Vol. 92, No. 3, pp 574-582, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01568.x
  12. R. W. Bennett, "Staphylococcal enterotoxin and its rapid identification in foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based methodology", J.Food. Prot. Vol. 68, No. 6. pp 1264-1270, 2005. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.6.1264
  13. R. R. Beumer and E. Brinkman, "Detection of Listeria spp. With a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)", Food Microbiol. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 171-177, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-0020(89)80025-5
  14. J. S. Dickson and J. A. Chen, "A fast and accurate detection method of E coli O157H7 in beef", Abstr. Gen. Meet Am. Soc. Microbiol. Vol. 101, pp 573 (2001).
  15. J. A. Hudson, R. J. Lake, P. Scholes, and R. E. McCormick, "Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in ham samples using immunomagnetic separation followed by polymerase chain reaction", J. Appl. Microbiol.Vol. 90, No. 4, pp 614- 621, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01287.x
  16. P. T. Feldsine, A. H. Lienau, R. L. Forgey, and R. D. Calhoon, "Visual immunoprecipitate assay (VIP) for Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species detection in selected foods: collaborative study", J. AOAC Int. Vol. 80, No. 4, pp 791-805, 1997.
  17. G. M. Matar, P. S. Hayes, W. F. Bibb, and B. Swaminathan, "Listeriolysin O-based latex agglutination test for the rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods", J. Food Prot. Vol. 60, No. 8, pp 1019-1151, 1997. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-60.9.1019
  18. A. Rasooly and R. S. Rasooly, "Detection and analysis of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food by Western immunoblotting", Int. J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 41, No. 3, pp 205- 212, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00050-6
  19. J. H. Meng and M. P. Doyle, "Introduction. Microbiological food safety", Microbes Infect. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp 395-397, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01552-6
  20. S. S. Iqbal, M. W. Mayo, J. G. Bruno, B. V. Bronk, C. A. Batt, and J. P. Chambers, Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 15, No. 11-12, pp 549-578, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(00)00108-1
  21. C. A. Batt, "Food pathogen detection", Science Vol. 316, No. 5831, pp 1579-1580, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1140729
  22. A. Touron, T. Berthe, and F. Petit, "Detection of Salmonella in environmental water and sediment by a nested-multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay", Res. Microbiol. Vol. 156, No, 4, pp 541-553, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2005.01.001
  23. P. T. Desai, K. W. Marie, and C. W. Bart, "Solid-phase capture of pathogenic bacteria by using gangliosides and detection with real-time PCR", Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 74, No. 7, pp 2254-2258, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02601-07
  24. A. Jofr'e, B. Martin, M. Garriga, and T. Aymerich, "Simultaneous detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella by multiplex PCR in cooked ham", Food Microbiol. Vol. 22, No, 1, pp 109-115, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.04.009
  25. A. K Deisingh, and M. Thompson, "Strategies for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods", J. Appl. Microbiol. Vol. 96, No. 3, pp 419-429, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2003.02170.x
  26. I. H. Cho, A. Bhunia, and J. Irudayarai, "Rapid pathogen detection by lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay with gold nanoparticle-assisted enzyme signal amplification", J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 206, pp 60-66, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.032
  27. A. Ahmed, J. V. Rushworth, N. A. Hirst, and P. A. Millner, "Biosensors for whole-cell bacterial detection", Clin. Microbiol. Rev. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 631-646, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00120-13
  28. LC Clark, R. Wolf, D. Granger, and Z. Taylor, "Continuous recording of blood oxygen tensions by polarography", J. Appl. Physiol. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 189-193, 1953. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1953.6.3.189
  29. V. Velusamy, K. Arshak, O. Korostynska, K. Oliwa, and C. Adley, "An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: in the perspective of biosensors", Biotechnol. Adv. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp 232-254, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.12.004
  30. I. Palchetti, and M. Mascini, "Electroanalytical biosensors and their potential for food pathogen and toxin detection", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Vol. 391, No. 2, pp 455-471, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-1876-4
  31. AB Esteban-Fernandez, M. Pedrero, S. Campuzano, V. Escamilla-Gomez, and J. M. Pingarron, "Sensitive and rapid amperometric magnetoimmunosensor for the determination of Staphylococcus aureus", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Vol. 403, No. 4, pp 917-925, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5738-8
  32. C. Ercole, M. D. Gallo, L. Mosiello, S. Baccella, and A. Lepidi, "Escherichia coli detection in vegetable food by a potentiometric biosensor", Sens. Actuator B-Chem. Vol. 91, No. 1-3, pp 163-168, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00083-2
  33. J. S. Daniels, and N. Pourmand, "Label-free impedance biosensors: opportunities and challenges", Electroanalysis Vol. 19, No, 12, pp 1239-1257, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603855
  34. F. Tan, P. H. M. Leung, Z. Liu, L. Xiao, W. Ye, X. Zhang, L. Yi, and M. Yang, "A PDMS microfluidic impedance immunosensor for E. coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus detection via antibody-immobilized nanoporous membrane", Sens. Actuators B-Chem. Vol. 159, No. 1, pp 328-335, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.06.074
  35. Y. Wang, Z. Ye, and Y. Ying, "New trends in impedimetric biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria", Sensors Vol. 12, No, 3, pp 3449-3471, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120303449
  36. Y. Li, L. Fang, P. Cheng, J. Deng, L. Jiang, H. Huang, and J. Zheng, "An electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using C60 based biocompatible platform and enzyme functionalized Pt nanochains tracing tag", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 49, pp 485-491, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.008
  37. M. Varshney, L. Yang, X. L. Su, and Y. Li, "Magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for the separation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef", J. Food Prot., Vol. 68, No. 9, pp 1804-1811, 2005. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.9.1804
  38. S. Chemburu, E. Wilkins, and I. Abdel-Hamid, "Detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples using highly-dispersed carbon particles", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 21, No. 3, pp 491-499, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2004.11.025
  39. G. Zhao, F. Xing, and S. Deng, "A disposable amperometric enzyme immunosensor for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food based on agarose/Nano-Au membrane and screen-printed electrode", Electrochem. Commun. Vol. 9, No. 6, pp 1263-1268, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.036
  40. M. Rochelet. S. Solanas, L. Betelli, B. Chantemesse, F. Vienney, and A. Hartmann, "Rapid amperometric detection of Escherichia coli in wastewater by measuring $\beta$-D glucuronidase activity with disposable carbon sensors", Anal. Chim. Acta Vol. 892, pp 160-166, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.023
  41. O. Laczka, J. M. Maesa, N. Godino, J. del Campo, M. Fougt-Hansen, J. P. Kutter, D. Snakenborg, F. X. Munoz- Pascual, and E. Baldrich, "Improved bacteria detection by coupling magneto-immunocapture and amperometry at flow-channel microband electrodes", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 26, No. 8, pp 3633-3640, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.019
  42. G. A. Zelada-Guillen, S. V. Bhosale, J. Riu, and F. X. Rius, "Real-time potentiometric detection of bacteria in complex samples", Anal. Chem. Vol. 82, No. 22, pp 9254-9260, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101739b
  43. M. Barreios dos Santos, J. P. Aqusil, B. Prieto-Simon, C. Sporer, V. Teixeira, and J. Samitier, "Highly sensitive detection of pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 45, pp 174-180, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.009
  44. C. K. Joung, H. N. Kim, M. C. Lim, T. J. Jeon, H. Y. Kim, and Y. R. Kim, "A nanoporous membrane-based impedimetric immunosensor for label-free detection of pathogenic bacteria in whole milk", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 44, pp 210-215, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.024
  45. J. C. Jokerst, J. M. Emory, and C. S. Henry, "Advances in microfluidics for environmental analysis", Analyst Vol. 137, No. 1, pp 24-34, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1AN15368D
  46. R. Comparelli, M. L. Curri, P. D. Cozzoli, and M. Striccoli, Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences: Nanomaterials for Biosensors, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 123-174, 2007.
  47. S. M. Yoo, and S. Y. Lee, "Optical biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms", Trends Biotechnol. Vol. 34, No. 1, pp 7-25, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.012
  48. S. Alhogail, G. A. Suaifan, and M. Zourob, "Rapid colorimetric sensing platform for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes foodborne pathogen", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 86, pp 1061-1066, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.043
  49. P. J. Vikesland, and K. R. Wigginton, "Nanomaterial enabled biosensors for pathogen monitoring - A review", Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 44, No. 10, pp 3656-3669, 2010.
  50. I.-H. Cho, L. Mauer, and J. Irudayarai, "In-situ fluorescent immunomagnetic multiplex detection of foodborne pathogens in very low numbers", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 57, pp 143-148, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.012
  51. Y. Wang, Z. Ye, C. Si, and Y. Ying, "Monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples using lectin based surface Plasmon resonance", Food Chem. Vol. 136, No. 3- 4, pp 1303-1308, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.069
  52. C. Pohlmann, I. Dieser, and M. Sprinzi, "A lateral flow assay for identification of Escherichia coli by ribosomal RNA hybridization", Analyst, Vol. 139, No. 5, pp 1063- 1071, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an02059b
  53. J. C. Jokerst, J. A. Adkins, B. Bisha, M. M. Mentele, L. D. Goodridge, and C. S. Henry, "Development of a paperbased analytical device for colorimetric detection of select foodborne pathogens", Anal. Chem. Vol. 84, No. 6, pp 2900-2907, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac203466y
  54. S. M. Hossain, C. Ozimok, S. D. Aquirre, M. M. Ali, Y. Li, and J. D. Brennan, "Multiplexed paper test strip for quantitative bacterial detection", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Vol. 403, No. 6, pp 1567-1576, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5975-x
  55. J. G. Bruno, "Application of DNA aptamers and quantum dots to lateral flow test strips for detection of Foodborne pathogens with improved sensitivity versus colloidal gold", Pathogens, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 341-355, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens3020341
  56. K. Tram, P. Kanda, B. J. Salena, S. Huan, and Y. Li, "Translating bacterial detection by DNAzymes into a litmus test", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. Vol. 53, No. 47, pp 12799- 12802, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201407021
  57. M. A. Hahn, P. C. Keng, and T. D. Krauss, "Flow cytometric analysis to detect pathogens in bacterial cell mixtures using semiconductor quantum dots", Anal. Chem. Vol. 80, No. 3, pp 864-872, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac7018365
  58. S. Ko, and S. A. Grant, "A novel FRET-based optical fiber biosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 21, No. 7, pp 1283-1290, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.05.017
  59. Y. Song, W. Li, Y. Duan, Z. Li, and L. Deng, "Nicking enzyme-assisted biosensor for Salmonella enteritidis detection based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 55, pp 400-404, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.053
  60. Y. Wang, W. Knoll, and J. Dostalek, "Bacterial pathogen surface Plasmon resonance biosensor advanced by long range surface plasmons and magnetic nanoparticle assays", Anal. Chem. Vol. 84, No. 19, pp 8345-8350, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac301904x
  61. O. Torun, I. Hakki Boyaci, E. Temur, and U. Tamer, "Comparison of sensing strategies in SPR biosensor for rapid and sensitive enumeration of bacteria", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp 53-60, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.034
  62. H. Zhou, D. Yang, N. P. Ivleva, N. E. Mircescu, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, "SERS detection of bacteria in water by in situ coating with Ag nanoparticles", Anal. Chem. Vol. 86, No. 3, pp 1525-1533, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac402935p
  63. B. J. Yakes, R. J. Lipert, J. P. Bannantine, and M. D. Porter, "Impact of protein shedding on detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a whole-cell immunoassay incorporating surface-enhanced raman scattering", Clin. Vaccine Immunol. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp 235-242, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00335-07
  64. E. Temur, A. Zengin, I. Hakki Boyaci, F. C. Dudak, H. Torul, and U. Tamer, Anal. Chem. Vol. 84, No. 24, pp 10600-10606, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac301924f
  65. J. M song, and T. Vo-Dinh, "Miniature biochip system for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on antibodyimmobilized capillary reactors and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay", Anal. Chim. Acta, Vol. 507, No. 1, pp 115-121, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.072
  66. K. E. Sapsford, C. Bradburne, J. B. Delehanty, and I. L. Medintz, "Sensors for detecting biological agents", Mater. Today Vol. 11, No. 3, pp 38-49, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70018-X
  67. A. Huang, Z. Qiu, M. Jin, Z. Shen, Z. Chen, X. Wang, and J. W. Li, "High-throughput detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria using oligonucleotide microarray with quantum dots as fluorescent labels", Int. J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 185, pp 27-32, 2013.
  68. S. Tombelli, M. Minunni, and M. Mascini, "Aptamersbased assays for diagnostics, environmental and food analysis", Biomol. Eng. Vol. 24, No. 2, pp 191-200, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.03.003
  69. T. Mairal, V. C. Ozlp, P. Lozano Sanchez, M. Mir, I. Katakis, and C. K. O'Sullivan, "Aptamers: molecular tools for analytical applications", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Vol. 390, No. 4, pp 989-1007, 2008.
  70. M. Famulok, G. Mayer, and M. Blind, "Nucleic acid aptamers- from selection in vitro to applications in vivo", Acc. Chem. Res. Vol. 33, No. 9, pp 591-599, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar960167q
  71. M. Blazkova, M. Koets, P. Rauch, and A. V. Amerongen, "Development of a nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay for simultaneous detection of Listeria spp. and Listeriamonocytogenes in food", Eur. Food Res. Technol. Vol. 229, No. 6, 867-874, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-009-1115-z
  72. Y. H. Lin, S. H. Chen, Y. C. Chuang, Y. C. Lu, T. Y. Shen, C. A. Chang, and C. S. Lin, "Disposable amperometric immunosensing strips fabricated by Au nanoparticles-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the detection of foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7", Biosens. Bioelectron. Vol. 23, No. 12, pp 1832-1837, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.02.030
  73. W. Wu, S. Zhao, Y. Mao, Z. Fang, X. Lu, and L. Zeng, "A sensitive lateral flow biosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 detection based on aptamer mediated strand displacement amplification", Anal. Chim. Acta Vol. 861, pp 62-68, 2014.
  74. W. Lee, D. Kwon, W. Choi, G. Y. Jung, A. K. Au, A. Folch, and S, Jeon, "3D-printed microfluidic device for the detection of pathogenic bacteria using size-based separation in helical channel with trapezoid cross-section", Sci. Rep. Vol. 5, pp 7717, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07717
  75. T. H. Kim, J. Park, C. J. Kim, and Y. K. Cho, "Fully integrated lab-on-a-disc for nucleic acid analysis of food-borne pathogens", Anal. Chem. Vol. 86, No. 8, pp 3841-3848, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac403971h
  76. A. A. Sayad, F. Ibrahim, S. M. Uddin, K. X. Pei, M. S. Mohktar, M. Madou, and K. L. Thong, "A microfluidic labon- a-disc integrated loop mediated isothermal amplification for foodborne athogen detection", Sens. Actuator B-Chem. Vol. 227, pp 600-609, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.10.116
  77. H. Zhu, U. Sikora, and A. Ozcan, "Quantum dot enabled detection of Escherichia coli using a cell-phone", Analyst Vol. 137, No. 11, pp 2541-2544, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an35071h
  78. P. Liang, T. S. Park, and J. Y. Yoon,"Rapid and reagentless detection of microbial contamination within meat utilizing a smartphone-based biosensor", Sci. Rep. Vol. 4, pp 5953, 2014.
  79. S. Seo, S. Kim, J. Jeon, J. Kim, H. Kim, J. Cho, W. Lee, and S. Paek, "Food contamination monitoring via internet of things, exemplified by using pocket-sized immunosensor as terminal unit", Sens. Actuator B-Chem. Vol. 233, pp 148-156, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.061