Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture (한국유기농업학회지)

Korean Association of Organic Agriculture (한국유기농업학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Supplementing Cultured Wild Ginseng Roots in the Diet of Organic Saanen Dairy Goats on Milk Composition and Ginsenoside Profiles in Blood and Milk

유기농 산양유 사료에 산삼배양근 첨가가 산양유와 혈액 내 진세노사이드 함량 및 조성에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2016.04.25
  • Accepted : 2016.07.19
  • Published : 2016.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary cultured wild ginseng root (CWGR) supplementation on goat milk composition and ginsenoside profiles. Sixteen Saanen dairy goats were allocated to two balanced groups based on lactation period, body weight ($38.6{\pm}3.2kg$), and dairy milk yield ($2.85{\pm}1.2kg$), and were kept in separate pens. Goats were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) feed (2.3 kg/d, dry matter basis) and 1.5 g of CWGR powder was supplemented in the experimental diet. The total feeding period was 3 weeks, and milk and blood samples were collected on the last three days of the experimental period. There was no effect of CWGR on daily milk yield and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, and solid-not-fat). However, the CWGR-treatment group had significantly higher plasma IgG and protein contents than the control group (P < 0.05). Significant amounts of ginsenosides were observed in the milk of the CWGR-treatment group, whereas ginsenosides were not detected in the milk of the control group. In conclusion, dietary CWGR was a useful regimen to produce functional goat milk enriched in ginsenosides.

Keywords

References

  1. Akao, T., M. Kanaoka, and K. Kobashi. 1998. Appearance of compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 by intestinal bacteria, in rat plasma after oral administrationmeasurement of compound K by enzyme immunoassay. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21: 245-249. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.21.245
  2. Bae, G. S., K. P. Nam, H. S. Kim, S. G. Lee, H. S. Choi, W. K. Min, J. W. Joo, W. J. Maeng, and M. B. Chang. 2003. Effects of the artificial culture medium of wild ginsengs on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 45: 987-996. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2003.45.6.987
  3. Benchaar, C., T. A. McAllister, and P. Y. Chouinard. 2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or yucca schidigera saponin extracts. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 4765-4777. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1338
  4. Bird, S. H. and R. A. Leng. 1978. The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets. Br. J. Nutr. 40: 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19780108
  5. Chen, X. and T. J. Lee. 1995. Ginsenosides-induced nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115: 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16313.x
  6. Concha, C., S. Hu, and O. Holmberg. 1996. The proliferative responses of cow stripping milk and blood lymphocytes to pokeweed mitogen and ginseng in vitro. Vet. Res. 27: 107-115.
  7. Demeyer, D. I. and C. J. Van Nevel. 1979. Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms. Br. J. Nutr. 42: 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19790143
  8. Endale, M. et al. 2014. Korean red ginseng saponin fraction rich in ginsenoside-Rb1, Rc and Rb2 attenuates the severity of mouse collagen-induced arthritis. Mediat. Inflamm. 2014: 14.
  9. Francis, G., Z. Kerem, H. P. Makkar, and K. Becker. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br. J. Nutr. 88: 587-605. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002725
  10. Fukuda, N., H. Tanaka, and Y. Shoyama. 2000. Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rg1 and its characterization. Monoclonal antibody for a ginseng saponin. Cytotechnology. 34: 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008162703957
  11. Hasegawa, H., J. H. Sung, S. Matsumiya, and M. Uchiyama. 1996. Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta. Med. 62: 453-457. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957938
  12. Hill, D. E., R. H. Fetterer, and J. F. Urban, Jr. 1991. Ascaris suum: stage-specific differences in lectin binding to the larval cuticle. Exp. Parasitol. 73: 376-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(91)90110-I
  13. Hu, S., C. Concha, R. Cooray, and O. Holmberg. 1995. Ginseng-enhanced oxidative and phagocytic activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from bovine peripheral-blood and stripping milk. Veterinary Research 26: 155-161.
  14. Hu, S., C. Concha, A. Johannisson, G. Meglia, and K. P. Waller. 2001. Effect of subcutaneous injection of ginseng on cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health 48: 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00470.x
  15. Kim, J. S., K. W. Kim, K. J. Choi, Y. K. Kwak, K. S. Im, K. H. Lee, and H. Y. Chung. 1996. Screening of antioxidative components from red ginseng saponin. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20: 173-178.
  16. Lee, J. B., K. Kim, and B.-D. Han. 1998. Effect of ginseng saponins on the induction of ${\beta}$- glactosidase in yeast. J. Ginseng Res. 22: 310-315.
  17. Lee, S. J., W. G. Ko, J. H. Kim, J. H. Sung, C. K. Moon, and B. H. Lee. 2000. Induction of apoptosis by a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin via cytochrome c-mediated activation of caspase-3 protease. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60: 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00362-2
  18. Lloyd, G., and B. McCown. 1980. Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. In: Combined Proceedings, International Plant Propagators' Society. pp. 421-427.
  19. Makkar, H. P. S., and K. Becker. 1996. Nutrional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringa oleifera leaves. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 63: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01023-1
  20. Mancini, G., A. O. Carbonara, and J. F. Heremans. 1965. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Immunochemistry. 2: 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-2791(65)90004-2
  21. Odani, T., H. Tanizawa, and Y. Takino. 1983. Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. IV. Decomposition of ginsenoside-Rg1 and -Rb1 in the digestive tract of rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 31: 3691-3697. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.31.3691
  22. Ohana, P., D. P. Delmer, G. Volman, and M. Benziman. 1998. Glycosylated triterpenoid saponin: a specific inhibitor of diguanylate cyclase from Acetobacter xylinum. Biological activity and distribution. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029352
  23. Owen, H. R. and A. R. Miller. 1992. An Examination and Correction of Plant-Tissue Culture Basal Medium Formulations. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 28: 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055509
  24. Pell, A. N., T. K. Woolston, K. E. Nelson, and P. Schofield. 2000. Tannins: Biological activity and bacterial tolerance. In: Brooker, J. D. (Ed.). Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition. ACIAR, Adelaide, Australia: pp. 121-126.
  25. Quan, F. S., R. W. Compans, Y.-K. Cho, and S.-M. Kang. 2007. Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine. 25: 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.041
  26. SAS. 1999. SAS Procedures Guide, Version 8, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  27. Shibata, S. 1967. Effective components of ginseng. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 12: 32-38.
  28. Song, X., S. Bao, L. Wu, and S. Hu. 2009. Ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and mineral oil act synergistically to enhance the immune responses to vaccination against foot-andmouth disease in mice. Vaccine 27: 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.030
  29. Strombom, J., F. Sandberg, and L. Dencker. 1985. Studies on absorption and distribution of ginsenoside Rg-1 by whole-body autoradiography and chromatography. Acta. Pharm. Suec. 22: 113-122.
  30. Tanaka, O., M. Nagai, and S. Shibata. 1966. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. XVI. The stereochemistry of protopanaxadiol, a genuine sapogenin of ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 14: 1150-1156. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.14.1150
  31. VanEtten, H. D., J. W. Mansfield, J. A. Bailey, and E. E. Farmer. 1994. Two Classes of Plant Antibiotics: Phytoalexins versus "Phytoanticipins". Plant Cell. 6: 1191-1192. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.6.9.1191
  32. Wang, Y. et al. 1996. Effect of condensed tannins upon the performance of lambs grazing Lotus corniculatus and lucerne (Medicago sativa). J. Agric. Sci. 126: 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600088833
  33. Wang, Y. et al. 1998. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steroidal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 74: 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00137-0
  34. Yang, Z. G., Y. P. Ye, and H. X. Sun. 2007. Immunological adjuvant effect of ginsenoside Rh4 from the roots of Panax notoginseng on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin in mice. Chem. Biodivers. 4: 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790028
  35. Zhang, C., H. Yu, Y. Bao, L. An, and F. Jin. 2001. Purification and characterization of ginsenoside-beta-glucosidase from ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 49: 795-798. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.795