Critical role of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in basic fibroblast growth factor-mediated neuronal cell differentiation

Abstract

We aimed to study the role of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) in neuronal differentiation using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced neuronal differentiation, characterized by cell-body shrinkage, long neurite outgrowth, and expression of neuronal differentiation markers light and medium neurofilaments (NF). The bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was induced through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules [MAPK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p90RSK], and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling molecules PI3Kp110β, PI3Kp110γ, Akt, and mTOR. Inhibitors (adenosine dialdehyde and S-adenosylhomocysteine) of protein methylation suppressed bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. PIMT-eficiency caused by PIMT-specific siRNA inhibited neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells by suppressing phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway and Akt and mTOR in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, these results suggested that PIMT was critical for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and regulated the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways.

INTRODUCTION

Neuronal differentiation is a complex process in which nerve cells acquire specific biochemical, physiological, and morphological properties during development. Differentiation involves many molecules including growth factors, intracellular signaling molecules, and transcription factors (1). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent neurogenic factor that regulates neuronal differentiation and development through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and early transcription factors, activator protein (AP)-1, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB (2, 3). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation and development, which vary among cell types, are still unclear.

bFGF is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which functions in a variety of biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. bFGF was first used for research on the neuronal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (4). A number of in vitro and in vivo studies revealed bFGF functions in neuronal differentiation (5-8). bFGF reportedly induces neuronal differentiation of cells of neuronal origin and non-neuronal origin such as bone marrow stromal cells (4), adrenal chromaffin cells (7), retina epithelial cells (9), and retinal pigment cells (10). These results suggest that bFGF has a potent neuronal-inductive function. bFGF reportedly activates several downstream signaling pathways through binding with FGF receptors (FGFRs) (11, 12). Activated pathways include the signaling cascades of phospholipase C-γ, Src, Crk, SNT1/FRS2 (13), MAPK/ERK (8, 10, 14), mTOR (15), and RhoA (16). Although bFGF reportedly modulates these signaling pathways, the pathways critical for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation are unknown. In addition, whether bFGF activates unknown signaling pathways in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation still needs to be elucidated.

Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT), a member of the protein methyltransferase family, is a protein-repair enzyme that methylates isoaspartyl residues generated by asparagine deamidation. From aged proteins, it was found that PIMT plays a critical role in recovering function of aged protein (17-19). Because of the relevance of PIMT function for asparagine deamidation of proteins, most previous studies on PIMT have investigated its functions in aged protein repair (17, 20). A number of studies, however, report that asparagine deamidation is involved a variety of biological functions in addition to protein repair, including interaction with the extracellular matrix (21, 22), apoptosis (23-26), synaptic transmission (27), and lifespan extension (28, 29). Recent studies report that protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), another member of the protein methyltransferase family, is involved in regulating neuronal differentiation and development (30-32). These findings strongly indicate that protein methyltransferase is critical for the regulation of neuronal differentiation and development, and PIMT, which is in the same protein methyltransferase family, is also involved in neuronal differentiation and development.

This study investigated how bFGF induces neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells and the cellular molecules critical for this process. We showed that both MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are specifically activated in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. We demonstrated that PIMT, a member of the protein methyltransferase family, is crucial for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and regulates the activity of signaling molecules in the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We confirmed neuronal differentiation by bFGF using PC12 cells. PC12 cells were treated with bFGF and morphological changes were monitored every 2 days for 6 days. In accordance with previous studies, bFGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Morphological changes of bFGF-treated PC12 cells included shrinkage of cell bodies and formation of long neurite outgrowths connecting to neighboring cells (Fig. 1A). These morphology changes started on day 2 with full changes after day 4 and up to day 6 after bFGF treatment (Fig. 1A). NFs in neuronal cells are differentiation markers and a major component of the neuronal cytoskeleton. NFs are believed to provide structural support for axons and modulate axon diameters (33). To examine whether NF expression was induced in cells differentiated by bFGF, expression of NF-M and NF-L in bFGF-treated PC12 cells was determined. NF-M and NF-L mRNA gradually increased from day 2 to day 8 in bFGF-treated PC12 cells (Fig. 1B). NF-M and NF-L protein were also induced in PC12 cells with bFGF treatment; however, protein expression patterns were different from mRNA patterns. NF-M protein gradually increased up to day 4 with bFGF treatment and decreased afterward (Fig. 1C). NF-L protein was immediately induced, peaked at day 2 after bFGF treatment and gradually decreased afterward (Fig. 1C). The reason for the different mRNA and protein expression patterns was unclear, but might be explained by protein stability. These results indicated that bFGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells.

Fig. 1.bFGF induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. (A) Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was induced by treatment with 50 ng/ml bFGF. (B, C) The mRNA and protein levels of NF-M and NF-L from PC12 cells treated with 50 ng/ml bFGF for indicated times were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which bFGF induced neuronal differentiation, the activities of intracellular signaling molecules were examined in bFGF-treated PC12 cells. bFGF binding to FGFR modulates cellular functions including cell proliferation, survival, and motility through activation of intracellular signaling pathways such as MAPK and PI3K (34). Therefore, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were examined in bFGF-treated PC12 cells during neuronal differentiation. The MAPK pathway intracellular signaling molecules, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p90RSK, were activated in PC12 cells treated with bFGF (Fig. 2A). PI3K/Akt pathway signaling molecules were also triggered by bFGF. PI3Kp110β and PI3Kp110γ were gradually activated with bFGF treatment while Akt was rapidly activated before decreasing (Fig. 2B). Although both PI3Ks and Akt were activated by bFGF in PC12 cells, the molecules had different activation patterns, suggesting that PI3Ks and Akt are activated by bFGF in distinct ways. To determine if MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are critical for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, the modulation of cell-body shrinkage and neurite outgrowths was examined in the presence of the MAPK inhibitor U0126 or the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. PC12 cells exhibited morphological changes with bFGF alone and these changes were suppressed in bFGF-treated PC12 cells in the presence of U0126 or LY294002 (Fig. 2C). NF-M expression induced by bFGF was also decreased by U0126 or LY294002 (Fig. 2D). The activity of mTOR, a downstream molecule regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathways (35), was also examined in bFGF-treated PC12 cells. Phosphorylation of mTOR was induced by bFGF in PC12 cells (Fig. 2E). Morphological changes induced by bFGF were significantly suppressed when mTOR was inhibited by the specific inhibitor rapamycin (Fig. 2F upper). NF-M protein upregulation by bFGF was also dose-dependently reduced by rapamycin (Fig. 2E lower). Cross-specificity tests of the inhibitors confirmed that each was specific for its target and did not affect other signaling pathways (data not shown). These results suggested that bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was specifically regulated by the signaling pathways. These results indicated that bFGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through activation of both the MAPK and PI3KAkt signaling pathways.

Fig. 2.bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells activates MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. (A, B, D, E, G) Levels of phosphorylated and total MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p90RSK, PI3Kp110β, PI3Kp110γ, Akt, NF-M, and mTOR from whole lysates of PC12 cell treated with 50 ng/ml bFGF in the absence or presence of U0126 (D left), LY294002 (D right) or rapamycin (G) for 3 days were analyzed by Western blotting. (C, F) Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was induced by treatment with 50 ng/ml bFGF in the absence or presence of U0126 (10 μM), LY294002 (50 μM) or rapamycin (100 nM) for 6 days.

Protein methylation is a post-translational modification known to regulate signal transduction pathways similar to phosphorylation. Cimato et al., reported that nerve growth factor modulates methylation of several proteins and protein methylation is involved in neuronal differentiation (36). Therefore, we explored protein methylation in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation. For this, PC12 cells were treated with bFGF in the absence or presence of protein-methylation inhibitors adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx) and S-adenosyl L-homocysteine (SAH), and neuronal differentiation pattern of PC12 cells was examined. Morphological changes of cell-body shrinkage and extended neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF were suppressed by the inhibitors (Fig. 3A). Expression of neuronal differentiation markers NF-L and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj-1) was examined in PC12 cells treated with inhibitors. Expression of NF-L and Tuj-1 was induced by bFGF and dose-dependently decreased with protein methylation inhibitors (Fig. 3B). Previous studies reported that protein methyltransferases, such as histone methyltransferase and PRMTs are involved in neuronal differentiation and development through regulation of protein methylation (37, 38). Based on these observations, the protein methyltransferase PIMT was examined. PIMT-deficient PC12 cells were generated by transfecting PC12 cells with three different PIMT-specific siRNAs; expression was measured by Western blot. All PIMT-specific siRNAs inhibited PIMT expression. PIMT siRNA 3 was most effective at inhibiting PIMT (Fig. 3C) and was used for subsequent experiments. PIMT-deficient PC12 cells were treated with bFGF and morphological changes were examined. Morphological changes were induced by bFGF in SCRransfected control PC12 cells and changes were significantly suppressed by bFGF in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells (Fig. 3D). Expression of Tuj-1 was also determined in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells. In accordance with the morphology changes, Tuj-1 expression increased with bFGF in control PC12 cells and expression was significantly decreased in PIMT-deficient cells (Fig. 3E). These results suggested that PIMT is critical for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through regulation of protein methylation.

Fig. 3.PIMT induces bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. (A, D) Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was triggered by bFGF (50 ng/ml) treatment in the absence or presence of AdOx (1 and 5 μM), SAH (1 and 10 μM) or under transfection with control SCR or PIMT siRNA for 6 days. (B, C, E) NF-M, Tuj-1, and PIMT from whole lysates of PC12 cells treated with bFGF in the absence or presence of AdOx (upper) and SAH (lower) for 3 days or under transfection with 20 nM control SCR siRNA or PIMT siRNA (1-3) for 2 (C) or 3 (E) days were detected by Western blot.

Since bFGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways (Fig. 2), we investigated how PIMT regulated these pathways in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. The activities of MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway signaling molecules were determined in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells. Phosphorylation of in MAPK pathway signaling molecules c-Raf, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p90RSK was determined by Western blot. Phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 was suppressed while phosphorylation of c-Raf was unchanged in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells treated with bFGF (Fig. 4A). The activities of PI3K/Akt pathway signaling molecules were also measured in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells. Akt phosphorylation was significantly decreased while PI3Kp110β, PI3Kp110γ, and PDK1 were not changed in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells treated with bFGF (Fig. 4B). Akt, PI3Kp110β, and PI3Kp110γ were activated in PC12 cells by bFGF (Fig. 2B), indicating that PIMT specifically targeted and regulated the activity of only Akt, which is downstream of PI3Ks in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition to PIMT, another mechanism might regulate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by activating PI3Kp110β and PI3Kp110γ in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation. Phosphorylation of mTOR, which is downstream in the Akt signaling pathway, was inhibited in PIMT-deficient PC12 cells treated with bFGF (Fig. 4C). Since PIMT clearly regulated the activities of MAPK signaling pathways in bFGF-treated PC12 cells, we examined whether PIMT interacted with one of the upstream MAPK signaling molecules, MEK1/2, by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. As we expected, PIMT interacted with phosphorylated and total forms of MEK1/2 but not with phosphorylated c-Raf, PI3Kp110β, and PI3Kp110γ in the MAPK and Akt pathways (Fig. 4D). These results indicated that MEK1/2 and Akt might be PIMT substrates for transducing bFGF-mediated signaling to downstream pathways. These results suggested that PIMT induced bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells by modulating the activities of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways.

Fig. 4.PIMT induces bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells by activating MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. (A-C) Phosphorylated and total forms of c-Raf, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p90RSK, PI3Kp110b, PI3Kp110g, PDK1, Akt, and mTOR from PC12 cells, transfected with control SCR or PIMT siRNA for 48 h, treated with 50 ng/ml bFGF for 5 or 30 min were detected by Western blot. (D) Binding level of MEK1 with PIMT was evaluated by immunoprecipitation with anti-PIMT from whole lysates of PC12 cells treated with vehicle or 50 ng/ml bFGF for 5 min. (E) Proposed model for the role of PIMT in bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells.

In summary, this study showed that bFGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through the activation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. PIMT was crucial for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through regulating MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 activities in the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways (Fig. 4E). This study proposes a new role for the protein methyltransferase PIMT in neuronal differentiation and provides new information for understanding the molecular mechanism of neuronal differentiation regulation and factors critical for this event. PIMT could be a target for diseases with neuronal differentiation defects.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

PC12 cells were from the Korea Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI1640) cell culture medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), streptomycin, penicillin, and L-glutamine were from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Phosphorylated-protein and total protein-specific antibodies [neurofilament-medium (NF-M), NF-light (L), MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p90RSK, PI3Kp110β, PI3Kp110γ, Akt, mTOR, Tuj-1, PIMT, c-Raf, PDK1, and β-actin] were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). bFGF, AdOx, and SAH were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). U0126, LY294002, and rapamycin were from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA). Lipofectamine 2000 reagent and siRNAs specific for PIMT were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Protein A-Sepharose beads were from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). PCR primers were synthesized by and PCR premix was from Bioneer Inc. (Daejeon, Korea).

Cell culture and in vitro neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells

PC12 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 2 mM L-glutamine at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator. Cells were split once a week and medium refreshed three times per week. For neuronal differentiation, PC 12 cells were collected by centrifugation (1000 × g for 3 min at RT) and washed once with 1X PBS. Cells were resuspended in RPMI 1640 culture medium with and incubated with bFGF as indicated. Neuronal differentiation was determined by observing morphological changes such as shrinkage of cell bodies, neurite outgrowth, and NF expression.

PIMT siRNA transfection

PC12 cells were plated in antibiotic-free RPMI 1640 medium 24 h before transfection and transiently transfected with either control scrambled siRNA (SCR) or PIMT-specific siRNA (siPIMT) using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. At 48 h after transfection, cells were to determine PIMT expression, signaling pathways, and neuronal differentiation. PIMT siRNA sequences are in Table 1.

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and PCR amplification of target genes

PC12 cells were treated with bFGF for indicated times. After discarding media, total RNA was extracted using TRI reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted RNA was used immediately or stored at −80℃. cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg total RNA using reverse transcriptaseolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) premix (39) and used to amplify target NF-L and NF-M genes using target-specific primers. PCR primer sequences are in Table 2.

Western blots and immunoprecipitation

Whole-cell lysates of PC12 cells were prepared by lysing cells as reported previously (40,41). Protein samples were used immediately or stored at −20℃. For Western blots, PC12 lysates were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Phosphorylated and total target proteins were detected using specific antibodies and immune complexes were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence system according to the manufacturer’s instruction. For immunoprecipitation, equal amounts (500 μg) of whole-cell lysates from PC12 cells treated with or without 50 ng/ml bFGF for 5 min were precleared with 20 μl protein A-Sepharose beads (50% v/v) for 1 h at 4℃ with gentle rotation. Lysates were then incubated with 1 μg of anti-PIMT overnight at 4℃ with gentle rotation. Immune complexes were immobilized using 20 μl protein A-Sepharose beads (50% v/v) at 4℃ for 4 h with gentle rotation and washed with pre-chilled 1X PBS five times. Immunoprecipitated proteins were analyzed by Western blot as described above using antibodies specific for phosphorylated or total MEK1/2 and Akt.