Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Antihypertensive effect of Korean Red Ginseng by enrichment of ginsenoside Rg3 and arginine-fructose

  • Lee, Kyung Hee (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University) ;
  • Bae, In Young (Department of Food and Fermentation, Far East University) ;
  • Park, Song I. (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University) ;
  • Park, Jong-Dae (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University) ;
  • Lee, Hyeon Gyu (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University)
  • Received : 2015.04.21
  • Accepted : 2015.08.04
  • Published : 2016.07.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 and arginine-fructose (Arg-Fru) are known as the hypotensive compounds of Panax ginseng; however, their efficacy on antihypertension has not been reported yet to our best knowledge. Thus, hypotensive components-enriched fraction of red ginseng (HCEF-RG) was prepared from fine root concentrate (FR) and their antihypertensive effects were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Male SHRs were divided into six groups: control (Wistar Kyoto, SHR); FR 500; FR 1,000; HCEF-RG 500; and HCEF-RG 1,000; samples (mg/kg body weight) were orally administered every day for 8 wk. Blood pressure was monitored at 1 wk, 2 wk, 3 wk, 4 wk, 6 wk, and 8 wk by tail cuff method. At 8 wk after samples administration, mice were killed for the measurement of renin activity (RA), angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibition, angiotensin II, and nitric oxide (NO) levels in plasma. Results: HCEF-RG with four-fold more Rg3 and 24-fold more Arg-Fru contents was successfully prepared from reacted mixtures of FR and persimmon vinegar (12 times against FR, v/v) at $80^{\circ}C$ for 18 h. Both FR 1,000 and HCEF-RG 1,000 showed lowered systolic blood pressure than SHR control group and HCEF-RG 1,000 group exhibited a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure. RA was significantly lowered in all treated groups, while angiotensin II did not affect by FR and HCEF-RG treatment. However, angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibition and NO in FR 1,000 and HCEF-RG 1,000 were significantly increased compared with SHR control group. Conclusion: HCEF-RG is more effective and useful for alleviating hypertension than FR, implying the health benefit of Rg3 and Arg-Fru.

Keywords

References

  1. Alexander RW. Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hypertension 1995;25:155-61. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.25.2.155
  2. Giles TD. Lipid factors in the hypertension syndrome. J Cardiovasc Risk 1997;4:257-9.
  3. Doyle AE. Handbook of hypertension: clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1984.
  4. Han CK, Lee OH, Kim KI, Park JM, Kim YC, Lee BY. Effect of powder, 50% ethanol and hot water extracts of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on serum lipids and blood pressure in SHR fed high-fat diet. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2003;32:1095-101. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.7.1095
  5. Pak YB, Hong YG, Yang MS. Effect of cumambrin A treatment on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Korean J Pharmacogn 1999;30:226-30.
  6. Rhyu MR, Kim EY. The relations between antihypertensive effect and r-aminobutyric acid, mycelial weight and pigment of Monascus. Korean J Food Sci Technol 2002;34:737-40.
  7. Jeong BS, Sin MG. Hyang-yak dictionary. Seoul: Yeong-rim Publishing Company; 2003.
  8. Uchida S, Ohta H, Niwa M, Mori A, Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Ozaki M. Prolongation of life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats ingesting persimmon tannin. Chem Pharm Bull 1990;38:1049-52. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.1049
  9. Park D, Bae DK, Jeon JH, Lee J, Oh N, Yang G, Yang YH, Kim TK, Song J, Lee SH, et al. Immunopotentiation and antitumor effects of a ginsenoside Rg3-fortified red ginseng preparation in mice bearing H460 lung cancer cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011;31:397-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.008
  10. Yue PYK, Wong DYL, Wu P, Leung P, Mak N, Yeung H, Liu L, Cai Z, Jiang ZH, Fan T, et al. The angiosuppressive effects of 20 (R)-ginsenoside Rg3. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;72:437-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.034
  11. Lee SR, Park JH, Choi KJ, Kim ND. Inhibitory effects of ginsenoslde Rg3 on platelet aggregation and its mechanism of action. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1997;21:132-40.
  12. Bae EA, Kim NY, Han MJ, Choo MK, Kim DH. Transformation of ginsenosides to compound K(IH-901) by lactic acid bacteria of human intestine. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;13:9-14.
  13. Ko SK, Lee KH, Hong JK, Kang SA, Sohn UD, Im BO, Han ST, Yang BW, Chung SH, Lee BY. Change of ginsenoside composition in ginseng extract by vinegar process. Food Sci Biotechnol 2005;14:509-13.
  14. Sun CP, Gao WP, Zhao BZ, Cheng LQ. Conversion of protopanaxadiol type saponins to ginsenoside Rg3 by lemon. Nat Prod Commun 2012;7:1155-6.
  15. Matsuura Y, Zheng Y, Takaku T, Kameda K, Okuda H. Isolation and physiological activities of a new amino acid derivatives from Korean Red Ginseng. J Trad Med 1994;11:256-63.
  16. Kumagai A. Studies on the non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng. Yakyong Ninjin 1995:233-44.
  17. Kim CS, Choi KJ, Yang JW, Kim SB. Effect of preheating condition of raw ginseng on the yield and physical property of Korean Red Ginseng extract. Korean J Medicinal Crop Sci 2000;8:146-50.
  18. Joo IW, Sung KH, Park JM, Lew JH, Oh HJ. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on blood pressure and aortic vascular (endothelial) histological changes in rats. J Ginseng Res 2008;32:324-31. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2008.32.4.324
  19. Stavro PM, Hana AK, Vuksan V. The effect of Korean Red Ginseng extracts with escalating levels of ginsenoside Rg3 on blood pressure in individuals with high normal blood pressure or hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:34-44.
  20. Kim ND, Kang SY, Kim MJ, Park JH, Schini-Kerth VB. The ginsenoside Rg3 evokes endothelium-independent relaxation in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;367:51-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00899-1
  21. Hur MH, Lee MS, Yang HJ, Kim C, Bae IL, Ernst E. Ginseng for reducing the blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:342-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.342
  22. Bakris GL. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition to enhance vascular health-clinical and research models. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:264-9.
  23. Thurman JM, Schrier RW. Comparative effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on blood pressure and the kidney. Am J Med 2003;114:588-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00090-1
  24. Kim HJ, Lee JC, Lee GS, Jeon BS, Kim NM, Lee JS. Manufacture and physiological functionalities of traditional ginseng liquor. J Ginseng Res 2002;26:74-8. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2002.26.2.074
  25. Altaf R, Asmawi MZ, Dewa A, Umar MI. Sources and possible mechanisms of action of important phytoconstituents with cardiovascular properties. Afr J Pharmacy Pharmacol 2012;6:563-80.
  26. Han K, Shin IC, Choi KJ, Yun YP, Hong JT, Oh KW. Korean ginseng water extract increase nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled breath. Nitric Oxide 2005;12:159-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2005.02.001
  27. Kim ND, Kim IC. Studies on hypotensive mechanism of ginseng components. Korean J Pharmacogn 1978;9:41-7.
  28. Kim ND, Kang SY, Schini VB. Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen Pharmacol 1994;25:1071-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(94)90121-X
  29. Chang SJ, Suh JS, Jeon BH, Nam KY, Park HK. Vasorelaxing effect by protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol of Panax ginseng in the pig coronary artery. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1994;18:95-101.
  30. Busse R, Fichtner H, Luckhoff A, Kohlhardt M. Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998;255:965-9.
  31. Kim ND. Ginsenosides-mediated vascular relaxation and its molecular mechanisms. J Ginseng Res 2008;32:89-98. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2008.32.2.089
  32. Kim ND, Kang SY, Kim MJ, Park JH, Schini VB. Ginsenoside Rg3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;367:41-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00898-X
  33. Jeon BH, Kim HS, Chang SJ. Effect of saponin and non-saponin of Panax ginseng on the blood pressure in the renovascular hypertensive rats. J Ginseng Res 1999;23:81-7.

Cited by

  1. A review of Panax ginseng as an herbal medicine vol.7, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-080x.183030
  2. Bioconversion, health benefits, and application of ginseng and red ginseng in dairy products vol.26, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0159-2
  3. Identification of certain Panax species to be potential substitutes for Panax notoginseng in hemostatic treatments vol.134, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.005
  4. Hetero-Tricyclic Lead Scaffold as Novel PDE5A Inhibitor for Antihypertensive Activity: In Silico Docking Studies vol.15, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2174/1573409915666190214161221
  5. Acute and Subacute Effects of Low Versus High Doses of Standardized Panax ginseng Extract on the Heart: An Experimental Study vol.19, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-019-09512-1
  6. Extension of Drosophila lifespan by Korean red ginseng through a mechanism dependent on dSir2 and insulin/IGF-1 signaling vol.11, pp.21, 2016, https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102387
  7. 홍삼 추출물의 제조에서 단백질 분해효소의 활용 vol.62, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2019.053
  8. Antihypertensive Effects of Rg3-Enriched Korean Vitamin Ginseng in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats vol.15, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19900712
  9. Relationship Between Ginsenoside Rg3 and Metabolic Syndrome vol.11, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00130
  10. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety vol.11, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00422
  11. Ginseng-Induced Changes to Blood Vessel Dilation and the Metabolome of Rats vol.12, pp.8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082238
  12. 산삼 부정배양근의 진세노사이드 함량 증진과 성분 변환 vol.28, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2020.28.6.445
  13. The effect of ginsenoside Rg5, isolated from black ginseng, on heart failure in zebrafish based on untargeted metabolomics vol.76, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104325
  14. Preclinical Evaluation of the Antihypertensive Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill et Perr. Bark of Trunk in L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rat vol.13, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.2147/jep.s319787
  15. Ginsenosides for cardiovascular diseases; update on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action vol.166, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105481
  16. Immune Modulatory Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Enriched Natural Products in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models vol.26, pp.8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082251
  17. Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice vol.26, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26103001
  18. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome vol.45, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002
  19. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review vol.9, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2475