DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Enteral nutrition for optimal growth in preterm infants

  • Kim, Myo-Jing (Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2015.09.09
  • Accepted : 2015.11.16
  • Published : 2016.12.10

Abstract

Early, aggressive nutrition is an important contributing factor of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. To ensure optimal growth in premature infants, adequate protein intake and optimal protein/energy ratio should be emphasized rather than the overall energy intake. Minimal enteral nutrition should be initiated as soon as possible in the first days of life, and feeding advancement should be individualized according to the clinical course of the infant. During hospitalization, enteral nutrition with preterm formula and fortified human milk represent the best feeding practices for facilitating growth. After discharge, the enteral nutrition strategy should be individualized according to the infant's weight at discharge. Infants with suboptimal weight for their postconceptional age at discharge should receive supplementation with human milk fortifiers or nutrient-enriched feeding, and the enteral nutrition strategy should be reviewed and modified continuously to achieve the target growth parameters.

Keywords

References

  1. Su BH. Optimizing nutrition in preterm infants. Pediatr Neonatol 2014;55:5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.07.003
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Nutritional needs of low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 1985;75:976-86.
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutritional needs of preterm infants. Pediatric nutrition handbook. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009.
  4. Agostoni C, Buonocore G, Carnielli VP, De Curtis M, Darmaun D, Decsi T, et al. Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:85-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0
  5. Ernst KD, Radmacher PG, Rafail ST, Adamkin DH. Postnatal malnutrition of extremely low birth-weight infants with catch-up growth postdischarge. J Perinatol 2003;23:477-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7210974
  6. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2006;117:1253-61. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1368
  7. Poindexter BB, Ehrenkranz RA. Nutrient requirements and provision of nutritional support in the premature neonate. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, editors, Fanaroff and Martin's neonatal-perinatal medicine: diseases of the fetus and infant. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders, 2015:592-612.
  8. Cho SJ. Enteral nutrition of the premature infant. Korean J Pediatr 2010;53:7-13. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2010.53.1.7
  9. Morgan J, Bombell S, McGuire W. Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(3):CD000504.
  10. Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(12):CD001970.
  11. Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(12):CD001241.
  12. Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, McKinley LT, Higgins RD, Langer JC, et al. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 2007;120:e953-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3227
  13. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, Arslanoglu S, Corpeleijn W, Moro G, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al. Donor human milk for preterm infants: current evidence and research directions. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;57:535-42. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a3af0a
  14. Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Ziegler EE, The Wapm Working Group On Nutrition. Optimization of human milk fortification for preterm infants: new concepts and recommendations. J Perinat Med 2010;38:233-8.
  15. Polberger S, Raiha NC, Juvonen P, Moro GE, Minoli I, Warm A. Individualized protein fortification of human milk for preterm infants: comparison of ultrafiltrated human milk protein and a bovine whey fortifier. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;29:332-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199909000-00017
  16. The Korean Society of Neonatology. Manual of neonatal care. 3rd ed. Seoul: EUIHAK Publishing Corp., 2014;96-112.
  17. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Walsh MC, et al. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2010;126:443-56. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2959
  18. Griffin IJ, Cooke RJ. Nutrition of preterm infants after hospital discharge. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45 Suppl 3:S195-203. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000302972.13739.64
  19. Amesz EM, Schaafsma A, Cranendonk A, Lafeber HN. Optimal growth and lower fat mass in preterm infants fed a protein-enriched postdischarge formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:200-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a8150d
  20. Young L, Morgan J, McCormick FM, McGuire W. Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard term formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(3):CD004696.
  21. O'Connor DL, Unger S. Post-discharge nutrition of the breastfed preterm infant. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013 May 21 [Epub]. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2013.05.001.
  22. Picaud JC, Decullier E, Plan O, Pidoux O, Bin-Dorel S, van Egroo LD, et al. Growth and bone mineralization in preterm infants fed preterm formula or standard term formula after discharge. J Pediatr 2008;153:616-21, 621.e1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.042