• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.512-523
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional status, biochemical parameters, lipid and electrolytes concentrations of the enteral nutrition patients according to the duration of enteral nutrition. Eighteen neurosurgery patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) at K University Hospital were subjected in this study. The duration of enteral nutrition was classified into under or over six month of period. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessments were performed. Patients' intakes of energy and protein were insufficient, from 82% to 95% of their requirements. Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and mid-am muscle area (MAMA) were significantly lower in patients over six months of enteral nutrition than those in patients under six months. The subjects were malnourished as indicated by nutrition-related parameters such as hemoglobin, albumin, total lymphocyte count (TLC), tricep skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC), MAMC, and MAMA. Serum chloride level of the patients eve, six months of enteral nutrition was lower (94.7 $\pm$ 3.4 mmo1/1) significantly as compared to that of patients (99.3 $\pm$ 3.5 mmol/ 1) under six months. Urinary sodium and chloride levels were lower in the longer time of enteral nutrition patients than those of shorter period of enteral nutrition patients (p < .05). While serum phospholipid level was higher in the patients over six months of enteral nutrition, other blood biochemical parameters and electrolyte concentrations did not show any differences with the duration of enteral nutrition. Neurosurgery patients in the ICU undergoing long-term enteral nutrition tube-feeding were malnourished and had a variety of metabolic complications. The duration of enteral nutrition could affect the patients' nutritional status, biochemical parameters, and electrolytes balance. The patients who require nutritional support over an extended time need the continuous follow-up care and monitoring by the nutrition support team for laboratory, clinical, and nutritional assessments.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.444-453
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the differences between early and delayed enteral nutrition on nutritional intake. Methods: A pilot cohort study was conducted with 45 critically ill adult patients who had a primary medical diagnosis. Energy prescribed and received were collected during the four days after initiation of enteral nutrition. Adequate feeding was defined as the energy intake more than 90% of required energy. Results: A total of 23 patients (52%) were received early enteral nutrition (within 48 hours of admission). Energy intake of early enteral nutrition was less than intake of delayed enteral nutrition during the four days of the study. Although the difference on day one was significantly greater than the differences on day two, the differences on day two were not different from days three or four. No statistical differences in the adequacy of nutritional intake were found between patients in the early and the delayed group. Conclusion: In critically ill patients receiving early enteral nutrition, more aggressive administration from the beginning will improve the nutritional intake. Additional studies including a large multi-centre, randomized clinical trial are recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.466-470
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• 2016

Early, aggressive nutrition is an important contributing factor of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. To ensure optimal growth in premature infants, adequate protein intake and optimal protein/energy ratio should be emphasized rather than the overall energy intake. Minimal enteral nutrition should be initiated as soon as possible in the first days of life, and feeding advancement should be individualized according to the clinical course of the infant. During hospitalization, enteral nutrition with preterm formula and fortified human milk represent the best feeding practices for facilitating growth. After discharge, the enteral nutrition strategy should be individualized according to the infant's weight at discharge. Infants with suboptimal weight for their postconceptional age at discharge should receive supplementation with human milk fortifiers or nutrient-enriched feeding, and the enteral nutrition strategy should be reviewed and modified continuously to achieve the target growth parameters.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess critical care nurses' perception, knowledge, and nursing practices regarding enteral nutrition. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with 187 nurse participants who worked in one of the eight medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) from four hospitals in Korea. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Although critical care nurses' perception toward enteral nutrition was high, knowledge was relatively low. The overall perception and knowledge of the nurses did not differ significantly between medical ICU and surgical ICU nurses. Perception of their own knowledge, in particular, 'nutritional goal' was lower for medical ICU nurses compared to surgical ICU nurses. Nurses also had limited knowledge about the significance of enteral nutrition, confirmation of feeding tube location, and nutritional requirements for ICU patients. They inadequately performed the following: changing the feeding tube every 24 hours, inspecting nostrils daily, and adjusting feeding schedule if feeding was stopped. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ICU nurses need up-to-date information about enteral nutrition. Based on the improved perception and knowledge, nursing practice activities with regard to enteral nutrition should be emphasized to enable nurses to provide optimal nutrition for ICU patients.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a video-based enteral nutrition education program using QR codes on the perception, knowledge, and performance of enteral nutrition for intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The participants were nurses working at six ICUs within a single university hospital, with 55 nurses in the experimental group and 55 nurses in the control group. The video-based enteral nutrition education program using QR codes was repeated three times to the experimental group. Results: There was a statistically significant pre-post difference in perceptions between the two groups (Z = -4.04, p < .001) with 2.00 points (± 5.57) for the control group and 7.89 points (± 7.95) for the experimental group, in knowledge (Z = -7.48, p < .001) with 0.02 points (± 1.91) for the control and 4.18 points (± 2.33) for the experimental, and in performance (Z = -2.20, p = .028) with 0.06 points (± 3.96) for the control and 2.00 points (± 5.14) for the experimental. Conclusion: The video-based enteral nutrition education program using QR codes was effective in improving the perceptions, knowledge, and performance of enteral nutrition among ICU nurses. This enteral nutrition education program using QR codes in clinical education can contribute to evidence-based nursing practice by improving perceptions and knowledge of enteral nutrition.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2018

Pediatric patients require specialized attention and have diverse demands for proper growth and development, and thus need a different approach and interest in nutritional assessment and supply. Enteral nutrition is the most basic and important method of nutritional intervention, and its indications should be identified. Also, the sites, modes, types, and timing of nutritional intervention according to the patient's condition should be determined. In addition, various complications associated with enteral nutrition supply should be identified, and prevention and treatment are required. This approach to enteral nutrition and proper administration can help in the proper growth and recovery of pediatric patients with nutritional imbalances or nutritional needs.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.147-161
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was aimed to modify and adapt the previously developed, high-quality enteral tube feeding guidelines for the usage in clinical settings in Korea. Methods: Guideline adaptation process was undertaken according to the guideline adaptation manual version 2.0 developed by NECA (Kim, et al., 2011) and the standardized methodology for nursing practice guideline adaptation (Gu, et al. 2012). Results: The modified and adapted enteral tube feeding guidelines were consisted of 11 domains and 95 recommendations. The domains and numbers of recommendations in each domain were: 4 on general issues, 2 on enteral nutrition indication and discontinue, 6 on enteral nutrition device selection, 12 on enteral tube feeding device insertions, 3 on enteral nutrition formular and choices, 16 on enteral tube feeding start and progress, 20 on enteral tube feeding maintenance and management, 15 on monitoring enteral tube feeding administration, 10 on prevention of error, 5 on medication administration, and 2 on documentation and report. There were 16.1% of the recommendations marked as A grade, 17.8% of B grade, and 66.1% of C grade. Conclusion: The adapted enteral tube feeding nursing practice guideline is to be added to the evidence-based practice guidelines for fundamentals of nursing practice. The guideline is hoped to be disseminated to nurses nationwide in order to improve the efficiency of enteral tube feeding practice.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.393-399
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• 2010

Enteral nutritional support has been used via tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients. We performed long and short term trials to evaluate the effects of commercial enteral nutritional supports on nutrition and health in stroke patients (mRS = 3~5) and quality of life in their caregivers. For a long term study, we recruited chronic (${\geq}$ 1 yrs) stroke patients (n = 6) and administered them 6 cans/day (1,200 kcal) of the commercial enteral formula N for 6 months according to IRB-approved protocol. We collected peripheral blood at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. For a short term study, we recruited acute (${\leq}$ 3 months) stroke patients (n = 12) and randomly administered them two different commercial enteral formulas, N or J, for 2 weeks. We collected their blood at 0, 4, 7 and 14 day of the administration. Blood samples were analyzed to quantify 19 health and nutritional biomarkers and an oxidative stress biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA). In order to evaluate quality of life, we also obtained the sense of competence questionnaire (SCQ) from all caregivers at 'before' and 'after trials'. As results, the enteral formula, N, improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the long term trial and maintained most of biomarkers within normal ranges. The SCQ levels of caregivers were improved in the long term treatment (P < 0.05). In a case of the short term study, both of enteral formulas were helpful to maintain nutritional status of the patients. In addition, MDA levels were decreased in the acute patients following formula consumption (0.05 < P < 0.1). Most of health and nutrition outcomes were not different, even though there is a big difference in price of the two products. Thus, we evaluate the formula N has equal nutritional efficacy compared to the formula J. In addition, long term use of enteral formula N can be useful to health and nutrition of stroke patients, and the quality of life for their caregivers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

In order to investigate the types of enteral nutrition formulas currently used in hospitals and evaluate and categorize the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas formulas available in the domestic market, we asked dietitians working in 6 hospitals in Seoul to complete the questionnaire and obtained compositional characteristics of 12 commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas. The average proportion of patients receiving the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas(60.6%) was greater than that of patients receiving the in-hospital preparations(31.9%). In the group of patients receiving the in-hospital prepared formulas, the enteral feeding was mainly administered orally, whereas, in the group of patients receiving the commercially prepared formulas, tube feeding was the primary route of formula administration. In both groups, however, a greater proportion of patients received the formulas as total replacements of their meals and for the purpose of dietary supplementation. On the basis of major criteria for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas, the 6 products out of the 9 nutritionally complete products formulated for the purpose of dietary supplementation were grouped into the same category(standard protein, caloric density of 1kcal/ml, and tube/oral), so they were considered therapeutically comparable. However, the remaining 3 products were different in protein content(high protein) or route of administration(tube only). Of the 3 nutritionally complete products formulated specifically for the purpose of dietary therapy, 2 products were formulated for patients with renal disease, and the one product was formulated for diabetic patients. Therefore, the data in this study showed that the commercially prepared enteral nutriton formulas became an important part of the enteral nutrition for hospitalized patients in Korea, but the domestic market has not yet generated a wide variety of the formulas, not providing many choices for clinicians to manage the diets for their patients. The results of this study would be helpful for clinicians in choosing appropriate products for their patients, for manufactures in developing new products, and for regulatory authorities to establish the regulation for the broad group of heterogeneous products that are marketed and will be developed as medical foods. In addition, the process of maintaining the categories for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas should be dynamic because new products may not reasonably fit any of the existing categories.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2003

Diarrhea is defined as increased volume and frequency of stools, increased liquidity and decreased consistency of stools. Enteral nutrition is suited to the patient in a state of normal gastro-intestinal function but insufficient oral nutrition due to neurologic injury. Of many problems raised by enteral nutrition, diarrhea is the most common complication and raises severe clinical problems such as dehydration, disproportion of electrolytes, metabolic acidosis, bed sores, etc. We report two cases of diarrhea due to enteral nutrition treated with Dolichos lablab L. preparation added to herb-med prescription in stroke patients. After this treatment, the frequency of diarrhea decreased and general condition improved.