Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회지)

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characterizing Par ticle Matter on the Main Section of the Seoul Subway Line-2 and Developing Fine Particle Pollution Map

서울시 지하철 2호선 본선구간의 입자상물질 농도 특성 및 미세분진의 오염지도 개발

  • Lee, Eun-Sun (Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Park, Min-Bin (Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Tae-Jung (Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Shin-Do (Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul) ;
  • Park, Duck-Shin (Transport Environment Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Dong-Sool (Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University)
  • 이은선 (경희대학교 환경응용과학과) ;
  • 박민빈 (경희대학교 환경응용과학과) ;
  • 이태정 (경희대학교 환경응용과학과) ;
  • 김신도 (서울시립대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 박덕신 (한국철도기술연구원 교통환경연구팀) ;
  • 김동술 (경희대학교 환경응용과학과)
  • Received : 2016.03.14
  • Accepted : 2016.04.22
  • Published : 2016.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In present, the Seoul City is undergoing traffic congestion problems caused by rapid urbanization and population growth. Thus the City government has reorganized the mass transportation system since 2004 and the subway has become a very important means for public transit. Since the subway system is typically a closed environment, the indoor air quality issues have often raised by the public. Especially since a huge amount of PM (particulate matter) is emitted from ground tunnels passing through the subway train, it is now necessary to assess the characteristics and behaviors of fine PM inside the tunnel. In this study, the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway line-2 were analyzed by real-time measurement during winter (Jan 13, 2015) and summer (Aug 7, 2015). The line-2 consisting of 51 stations is the most busy circular line in Seoul having the railway of 60.2 km length. The the one-day average $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $148{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and $66.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $118{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in the underground tunnel was lower than the outdoor ratio and also the ratio in summer is higher than in winter. Further the study examined structural types of underground subsections to explain the patterns of elevated PM concentrations in the line-2. The subsections showing high PM concentration have longer track, shorter curvature radius, and farther from the outdoor stations. We also estimated the outdoor PM concentrations near each station by a spatial statistical analysis using the $PM_{10}$ data obtained from the 40 Seoul Monitoring Sites, and further we calculated $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_1/PM_{10}$ mass ratios near the outdoor subway stations by using our observed outdoor $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ data. Finally, we could develop pollution maps for outdoor $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ near the line-2 by using the kriging method in spatial analysis. This methodology may help to utilize existing $PM_{10}$ database when managing and control fine particle problems in Korea.

Keywords

References

  1. Aarnio, P., T. Yli-Tuomi, A. Kousa, T. Makela, A. Hirsikko, K. Hammeri, M. Raisanen, R. Hillamo, T. Koskentalo, and M. Jantunen (2005) The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) in the Helsinki subway system, Atmos. Environ., 39(28), 5059-5066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.012
  2. Adams, H.S., M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, R.N. Colvile, M.A.S. McMullen, and P. Khandelwal (2001) Fine particle ($PM_{2.5}$) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. Sci. Total Environ., 279, 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00723-9
  3. Awad, A.H.A. (2002) Environmental study in subway metro stations in Cairo, Egypt. J. of Occup. Health, 44(2), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.44.112
  4. Baek, S.A., T.J. Lee, S.D. Kim, and D.S. Kim (2008) Studies on the spatial analysis for distribution estimation of radon concentration at the Seoul area, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 24(5), 538-550. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2008.24.5.538
  5. Chan, L.Y., W.L. Lau, S.C. Zou, Z.X. Cao, and S.C. Lai (2002a) Exposure level of carbon monoxide and respirable suspended particulate in public transportation modes while commuting in urban area of Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 36(38), 5831-5840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00687-8
  6. Chan, C.Y., L.Y. Chan, W.L. Lau, and S.C. Lee (2002b) Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 36(21), 3363-3373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00318-7
  7. Cheng, Y.H. and Y.L. Lin (2010) Measurement of particle mass concentrations and size distributions in an underground station, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 10, 22-29.
  8. Cheng, Y.H., Y.L. Lin, and C.C. Liu (2008) Levels of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Taipei rapid transit system, Atmos. Environ., 42(31), 7242-7249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.011
  9. Colls, J.J. and A. Micallef (1999) Measured and modelled concentrations and vertical profiles of airborne particulate matter within the boundary layer of a street canyon, Sci. Total Environ., 235, 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00194-1
  10. EPA (1999) Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Vol. 1, EPA600/P-99/002a.
  11. Fotheringham, A.S., C. Brunsdon, and M. Charlton (2000) Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis, London: Sage Publications.
  12. Jin, H.A., J.H. Lee, K.M. Lee, H.K. Lee, B.E. Kim, D.W. Lee, and Y.D. Hong (2012) The estimation of $PM_{2.5}$ emissions and their contribution analysis by source categories in Korea, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 28(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2012.28.2.211
  13. Kam, W., K. Cheung, N. Daher, and C. Sioutas (2011) Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro, Atmos. Environ., 45(8), 1506-1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.049
  14. Kim, K.H., D.X. HO, J.S. Jeon, and J.C. Kim (2012) A noticeable shift in particulate matter levels after platform screen door installation in a Korean subway station, Atmos. Environ., 49, 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.058
  15. Kim, K.Y., Y.S. Kim, Y.M. Roh, C.M. Lee, and C.N. Kim (2008) Spatial distribution of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) in Seoul metropolitan subway station, J. Hazard. Materials, 154(1), 440-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.042
  16. Kim, M.Y. and S.J. Jo (2004) Estimation of practical use for portable aerosol spectrometer, Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ. Spring Confenrence, 93-97.
  17. Laakso, L., T. Hussein, P. Aarnio, M. Komppula, V. Hiltunen, Y. Viisanen, and M. Kulmala (2003) Diurnal and annual characteristics of particle mass and number in urban, rural and Arctic environment in Finland, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2629-2641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00206-1
  18. Lee, T.J., H. Lim, S.D. Kim, D.S. Park, and D.S. Kim (2015) Concentration and Properties of Particulate Matters ($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) in the Seoul Metropolitan, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 31(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2015.31.2.164
  19. Lee, T.J., J.S. Jeon, S.D. Kim, and D.S. Kim (2010) A comparative study on $PM_{10}$ source contributions in a Seoul metropolitan subway station before/after installing platform screen doors, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 26(5), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2010.26.5.543
  20. Li, T.T., Y.H. Bai, Z.R. Liu, and J.L. Li (2007) In-train air quality assessment of the railway transit system in Beijing: a note, Transp. Res. Part D, 12, 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.11.001
  21. Lim, K.S. and H.S. Park (2009) Comparison of particle size distribution and particle number concentration measured by APS 3321 and Dust Monitor 1.108, Atmos. Environ., 5(2), 63-70.
  22. Linak, W.P. and J.O.L. Wendt (1993) Toxic metal emissions from incineration: mechanisms and control, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 19, 145-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(93)90014-6
  23. Ministry of Environment (2015) http://www.me.go.kr
  24. Mugica-Alvarez, V., J. Figueroa-Lara, M. Romero-Romo, J. Sepulveda-SAnchez, and T. Lopez-Moreno (2012) Concentrations and properties of airborne particles in the Mexico City subway system, Atmos. Environ., 49, 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.038
  25. Oh, S.W. (2007) Concentrations of atmospheric fine particles measured during 2005 in Chungnam, Korea, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 23(1), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2007.23.1.132
  26. Park, D.U. and K.C. Ha (2008) Characteristics of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $CO_2$ and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea, Environ. Intern., 34(5), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.007
  27. Park, J.H., J.C. Park, and S.J. Eum (2010) Development of the method estimating sections occurring intensive $PM_{10}$ in a subway tunnel (for the south section (Cheongdam-Jangseungbaegi) of subway line 7 in Seoul), Korean Soc. Transp., 28(6), 121-131.
  28. Qiao, T., G. Xiu, Y. Zheng, J. Yang, L. Wang, J. Yang, and Z. Huang (2015) Preliminary investigation of PM1, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$ and its metal elemental composition in tunnels at a subway station in Shanghai, China, Transp. Res. Part D, 41, 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.013
  29. Seoul Metro (2015) http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/board/bbs/view.action?bbsCd=61&mCode=C080000000&idxId=20173
  30. Seoul Metropolitan Government (2015a) Transportation Indicators, http://traffic.seoul.go.kr/archives/285
  31. Seoul Metropolitan Government (2015b) Transportation allotment rate, http://traffic.seoul.go.kr/archives/289
  32. Son, Y.S., A. Salama, H.S. Jeong, S. Kim, J.H. Jeong, J. Lee, Y. Sunwoo, and J.C. Kim (2013) The Effect of Platform Screen Doors on $PM_{10}$ Levels in a Subway Station and a Trial to Reduce $PM_{10}$ in Tunnels, Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 7(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2013.7.1.038
  33. Viana, M., X. Querol, A. Alastuey, G. Gangoiti, and M. Menendez (2003) PM levels in the Basque Country (Northern Spain): analysis of a 5-year data record and interpretation of seasonal variations, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2879-2891. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00292-9
  34. Yoon, H.J. and D.S. Kim (1997) Spatial distribution analysis of metallic elements in dustfall using GIS, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 13(6), 463-474.

Cited by

  1. Comparison of PM2.5 Concentrations by Measurement Method vol.33, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2017.33.5.515