References
- Bellanca, J., & Brandt, R. (2010). 21st century skills. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.
- Brace, N., Kemp, R., & Snelgar, R. (2009). SPSS for psychologists. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (2008). How do boys and girls differ in their use of ICT? Retrieved from April 15, 2016 from http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/8318/1/gender_ict_briefing.pdf
- Chambers English Dictionary (2003). Chambers English Dictionary. City of publication: Publisher.
- Choi, Y. J., Yun, H. J., & Lee, C. C. (2013). Developing indices for smartphone usage: Smartphone technology quotient. Entrue Journal of Information Technology, 12(3), 87-104.
- Choi. H. S., Woo, Y. H., & Jung, H. J. (2013). Students' perception of smart learning in distance higher education. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 13(10), 584-593.
- Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
- Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to non-normality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological methods, 1(1), 16-29.
- El-Hussein, M. O. M., & Cronje, J. C. (2010). Defining mobile learning in the higher education landscape. Educational. Technology & Society, 13(3), 12-21.
- European Commission (2007). A European approach to media literacy in the digital environment. Retrieved from April 13, 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/media literacy/docs/com/en.pdf
- Gurumurthy, A. (2004). Gender and ICTs. Overview report, September 2004. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
- Ji, Y., Wang, G., Zhang, Q., & Zhu, Z. (2014). Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 393-402.
- Korea Communications Commission, & Korea Internet & Security Agency. (2010). Survey research on smart phone use. Seoul: Korea Internet & Security Agency.
- Korea Communications Commission, & Korea Internet & Security Agency. (2012). Survey research on smart phone use of the first half year of 2012. Seoul: Korea Internet & Security Agency.
- Lee, S. (2015). Analyzing negative SNS behaviors of elementary and middle school students in Korea. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 15-27.
- Liu, M., Horton, L., Olmanson, J., & Toprac, P. (2011). A study of learning and motivation in a new media enriched environment for middle school science. Educational Technology Research & Development, 59, 249-265.
- Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (MSIP) (2014). A survey on Internet addiction. Report NIA-V-RER-14112.
- Office of Communications (Ofcom) (2008). Media Literacy Audit: Report on UK children's media literacy. Retrieved from April 15, 2016 http://www.ofcom.org.uk/advice/media_literacy/medlitpub/medlitpubrss/children/
- Perter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents' internet use: Testing the "disappearing digital divide" versus the "emerging digital differentiation" approach. Poetics, 34(4), 293-305.
- Sheng, H., Nah, F. F., & Siau, K. (2005). Strategic implications of mobile technology: A case study using value-focused thinking. Journal of Strategic Information System, 14, 269-260.
- Sung, E. M. (2013). The effects of mobile phone use on the early adolescence in school adjustment. The Journal of Educational Information and Media, 19(2), 253-281.
- Sung, E. M. (2014). The influence of smart media literacy's factors on subjects attitude and achievement: Focusing on middle school student's gender differences. Journal of Educational Technology, 30(4), 621-650.
- Sung, E. M. (2015). The relationship of smart media literacy's factors for primary school student on subject attitude and achievement. The Journal of Educational Information and Media, 21(2), 215-243.
- Sung, E. M., & Jin, S. H. (2015). The factor analysis of information and communication technology literacy for primary school students in South Korea. Educational Technology International, 16(2), 231-247.
- UNESCO (2011). Digital literacy in education. Policy Brief, May 2011.
- Valentine, B., & Bernhisel, S. (2008). Teens and their technologies in high school and college: Implications for teaching and learning. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 34(6), 502-512.
- Vinu, P. V., Sherimon, P. C., & Krishnan, R. (2011). Towards pervasive mobile learning: the vision of 21st century. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3067-3073.
- Woo, Y. H., Choi, H. S., Jung, H. J., & Kim, S. W. (2012). Smart learning environment for activating the building measures continuing education network infrastructure between universities. Policy Issues 12-02 Seoul: Ministry of Education and Science Technology․Korea National Open University.
- Yen, J, C., & Lee, C. Y. (2011). Exploring problem solving patterns and their impact on learning achievement in a blended learning environment. Computers & Education, 56, 138-145.