Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering (한국표면공학회지)

The Korean Institute of Surface Engineering (한국표면공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Formation of Cerium Conversion Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

  • Fazal, Basit Raza (Surface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science) ;
  • Moon, Sungmo (Surface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science)
  • Received : 2016.02.14
  • Accepted : 2016.02.29
  • Published : 2016.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This review deals with one of the surface modification techniques, chemical conversion coating and particularly cerium-based conversion coatings (CeCC) as a promising substitute for chromium and phosphate conversion coating on magnesium and its alloys. The CeCCs are commonly considered environmentally friendly. The effects of surface preparation, coating thickness, bath composition, and e-paint on the corrosion behavior of CeCCs have been studied on the AZ31 magnesium alloy. This review also correlates the coating microstructural, morphological, and chemical characteristics with the processing parameters and corrosion protection. Results showed that the as-deposited coating system consists of a three layer structure (1) a nanocrystalline MgO transition layer in contact with the Mg substrate, (2) a nanocrystalline CeCC layer, and (3) an outer amorphous CeCC layer. The nanocrystalline CeCC layer thickness is a function of immersion time and cerium salt used. The overall corrosion protection was crucially dependent on the presence of coating defects. The corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy was better for thinner CeCCs, which can be explained by the presence of fewer and smaller cracks. On the other hand, maximum corrosion protection was achieved when AZ31 magnesium samples with thin CeCCs are e-painted. The e-paint layer further restricts and hinders the movement of chloride and other aggressive ions present in the environment from reaching the magnesium surface.

Keywords

References

  1. Y. Kojima, Project of platform of science and technology for advanced magnesium alloys, Mater. Trans. 42 (2001) 1154-1159. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.1154
  2. G. L. Makar, J. Kruger, Corrosion studies of rapidly solidified magnesium alloys, J Electrochem Soc. 137 (1990) 414-421. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2086455
  3. G. Song, Recent Progress in Corrosion and Protection of Magnesium Alloys, Adv Eng Mater. 7 (2005) 563-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200500013
  4. J. E. Gray, B. Luan, Protective coatings on magnesium and its alloys-a critical review, J Alloys Compd. 336 (2002) 88-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01899-0
  5. B. Valdez, S. Kiyota, M. Stoytcheva, R. Zlatev, J.M. Bastidas, Cerium-based conversion coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloy 6061-T6, Corros. Sci. 87 (2014) 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.06.023
  6. N. A. El Mahallawy, M. A. Shoeib, M. H. Abouelenain , AZ91 Magnesium Alloys: Anodizing of Using Environmental Friendly Electrolytes, J Surf Eng Mater Adv Technol. 01 (2011) 62-72.
  7. B. J. Weber, Electrolytic and Chemical Conversion Coatings, Poland Portcullis Press Ltd. 1976.
  8. H. Vakili, B. Ramezanzadeh, R. Amini, The corrosion performance and adhesion properties of the epoxy coating applied on the steel substrates treated by cerium-based conversion coatings, Corros. Sci. 94 (2015) 466-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.02.028
  9. M. Dabala, K. Brunelli, E. Napolitani, M. Magrini, Cerium-based chemical conversion coating on AZ63 magnesium alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol. 172 (2003) 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00336-0
  10. F. A. Lowenheim, Modern Electroplating, 3rd ed. New York Wiley, NEW YORK (1974).
  11. J. B. Mohler, Metal Finishing 73 (1974) 30.
  12. N. Van Phuong, S. Moon, D. Chang, K.H. Lee, Effect of microstructure on the zinc phosphate conversion coatings on magnesium alloy AZ91, Appl. Surf. Sci. 264 (2013) 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.119
  13. T. Schmidt-Hansberg, P. Schubach, In Aluminium Surface Science and Technology; Terryn, H., Ed.; ATB Metallurgie, Brussels: Bonn, 43 (2003) 9-14.
  14. D. Hawke, D. L. Albright, A phosphate-permanganate conversion coating for magnesium, Met Finish. 93 (1995) 34-38.
  15. H. Umehara, M. Takaya, Y. Kojima, An investigation of the structure and corrosion resistance of permanganate coversion coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy, Mater. Trans. 42 (2001) 1691-1699. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.1691
  16. K. Z. Chong, T. S. Shih, Conversion-coating treatment for magnesium alloys by a permanganate-phosphate solution, Mater. Chem. Phys. 80 (2003) 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00481-9
  17. M. A. Gonzalez-Nunez, P. Skeldon, G. E. Thompson, H. Karimzadeh, Kinetics of the development of a nonchromate conversion coating for magnesium alloys and magnesium-Based metal matrix composites, Corrosion 55 (1999)1136-1143. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3283951
  18. M. A. Gonzalez-Nunez, C. A. Nunze-Lopez, P. Skeldon, G. E. Thompson, H. Karimzadeh, P. Lyon, T. E. Wilks, A non-chromate conversion coating for magnesium alloys and magnesium-based metal matrix composites, Corros. Sci. 1995 Nov 37(11) 1763-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(95)00078-X
  19. C. S. Lin, H. C. Lin, K. M. Lin, W. C. Lai, Formation and properties of stannate conversion coatings on AZ61 magnesium alloys, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2004.11.023
  20. A. L. Rudd, C. B. Breslin, F. Mansfeld, The corrosion protection afforded by rare earth conversion coatings applied to magnesium, Corros. Sci. 42 (2000) 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00076-1
  21. K. Brunelli, M. Dabala, I. Calliari, M. Magrini, Effect of HCl pre-treatment on corrosion resistance of cerium-based conversion coatings on magnesium and magnesium alloys, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 989-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2004.06.016
  22. C. S. Lin, S. K. Fang, Formation of Cerium Conversion Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloys, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005) B54-B59. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1845371
  23. M. P. Schriever, Canadian Pat. 2,056,159 (1990).
  24. G. Goeminne, H. Terryn, J. Vereecken, Characterisation of conversion layers on aluminium by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Electrochim. Acta. 40 (1995) 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(94)00312-O
  25. M. Bethencourt, F. J. Botana, M. J. Cano, M. Marcos, High protective, environmental friendly and short-time developed conversion coatings for aluminium alloys, Appl. Surf. Sci. 189 (2002) 162-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00129-0
  26. M. Dabala, L. Armelao, A. Buchberger, I. Calliari, Cerium-based conversion layers on aluminum alloys, Appl. Surf. Sci. 172 (2001) 312-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00873-4
  27. P. Campestrini, H. Terryn, A. Hovestad, J.H.W. de Wit, Formation of a cerium-based conversion coating on AA2024: relationship with the microstructure, Surf. Coat. Technol. 176 (2004) 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00743-6
  28. H. Ardelean, I. Frateur, P. Marcus, Corrosion protection of magnesium alloys by cerium, zirconium and niobium-based conversion coatings, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 1907-1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.03.015
  29. M. F. Montemor, A. M. Simoes, M. J. Carmezim, Characterization of rare-earth conversion films formed on the AZ31 magnesium alloy and its relation with corrosion protection, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 6922-6931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.019
  30. L. Yang, B. Luan, J. Nagata, Novel copper immersion coating on magnesium alloy AZ91D in an alkaline bath, J Coat Technol Res. 3 (2006) 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02774514
  31. C. Wang, F. Jiang, F. Wang, The characterization and corrosion resistance of cerium chemical conversion coatings for 304 stainless steel, Corros. Sci. 46 (2004) 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00135-5
  32. M. F. Montemor, A. M. Simoes, M. G. S. Ferreira, Composition and corrosion behaviour of galvanised steel treated with rare-earth salts: the effect of the cation, Prog. Org. Coat. 44 (2002) 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00250-8
  33. M. F. Montemor, A. M. Simoes, M. G. S. Ferreira, Composition and behaviour of cerium films on galvanised steel, Prog. Org. Coat. 43 (2001) 274-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00209-0
  34. A. J. Aldykewicz, H. S. Isaacs, A. J. Davenport, The Investigation of Cerium as a Cathodic Inhibitor for Aluminum-Copper Alloys, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 3342-3350. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2049985
  35. A. Aballe, M. Bethencourt, F. J. Botana, M. Marcos, CeCl 3 and LaCl 3 binary solutions as environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors of AA5083 Al-Mg alloy in NaCl solutions, J Alloys Compd. 323 (2001) 855-858.
  36. D. R. Arnott, B. R. W. Hinton, N. E. Ryan, Cationic-film-forming inhibitors for the protection of the AA 7075 aluminum alloy against corrosion in aqueous chloride solution, Corros. (NACE) 45 (1989) 12-18. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3577880
  37. Y. Zhang, C. Yan, F. Wang, W. Li, Electrochemical behavior of anodized Mg alloy AZ91D in chloride containing aqueous solution, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 2816-2831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.01.010
  38. H. Ardelean, C. Fiaud, P. Marcus, Enhanced corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys through the formation of cerium (and aluminium) oxide surface films, Mater. and Corros. 52 (2001) 889-895. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4176(200112)52:12<889::AID-MACO889>3.0.CO;2-0
  39. X. Yue, C. Xiang, L. Zushun, L.Yingjie, Preparation and corrosion resistance of rare eath conversion coatings on AZ91 magnesium alloy, J. of Rare Earth. 23 (2005) 555-558.
  40. L. Ling-jie, L. Jing-lei, Z.Sheng-tao, L. Di, T. Yujing, Progress in research of rare earth conversion coatings on magnesium alloys, J. of Mat. Eng. 10 (2006) 60-64.
  41. H. Wang, Y. Li, F. Wang, Influence of cerium on passivity behavior of wrought AZ91 alloy, Electrochimica Acta. 54 (2008) 706-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.073
  42. J. Trolho, T. Schmidt-Hansberg, P. Schubach, Aluminium Extrusion 8 (2003) 46-53.
  43. W. A. Roland, J. Kresse, New chromium-free processes for the chemical pretreatment of aluminium surfaces, J. ATB Benelux Metallurgie, 37 (1997) 89-98.
  44. A. E. Hughes, S. G. Hardin, K. W. Wittel and P. R. Miller, Proc. Corros. 2000 Res. Top. Symp. on 'Surface conversions of aluminum and ferrous alloys for corrosion resistance, Orlando, FL, USA, May 2000, NACE International, 47-66.
  45. F. Mansfeld, H. Shih, Chemical passivation of Al alloys and Al-based metal matrix composites in rare earth metal chlorides, Proc. 11th Int. Corrosion Cong. on 'Innovation and technology transfer for corrosion control (ICC)', Florence, Italy, April 1990, World Corrosion Organization, Paper no. 4.555-4.564..
  46. J. O. Stoffer, T. J. O'Keefe, E. Morris, S. Hayes, P. Yu, M. Pittman, Environmentally compliant aircraft coatings, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 83 (2000) 311-312.
  47. J. O. Stoffer, T .J. O'Keefe, M. O'Keefe, E. Morris, S. Hayes, P. Yu, X. S Lin, Proceedings of the 32nd International SAMPETechnical Conference SAMPE International, Corvina, CA, (2000) 879-888.
  48. M. Bethencourt, F. J. Botana, J. J. Calvino, M. Marcos, M. A. Rodriguez-Chacon, Lanthanide compounds as environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors of aluminium alloys: a review, Corros. Sci. 40 (1998) 1803-1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00077-8
  49. A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, R. Arrabal, F. Viejo, M. Carboneras, J.A. Munoz, Influence of Ce surface treatments on corrosion behaviour of A3xx.x/SiCp composites in 3.5wt.% NaCl, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 3035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.10.008
  50. A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, R. Arrabal, S. Merino, F. Viejo, M. Carboneras, Effect of Ce surface treatments on corrosion resistance of A3xx.x/SiCp composites in salt fog, Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 2938-2947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.05.028
  51. B. R. W. Hinton, N. E. Ryan, D. R. Arnott, P. N. Trathen, L. Wilson, B. E. Williams, The inhibition of aluminium alloy corrosion by rare earth metal cations, Corros. Australasia. 10 (1985) 12-17.
  52. M. Kendig, S. Jeanjaquet, Cr(VI) and Ce(III) Inhibition of Oxygen Reduction on Copper, J. Electrochem. Soc. 149 (2002) B47-B51. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1430717
  53. S. Moon, A blade-abrading method for surface pretreatment of Mg alloys. J Korean Inst Surf Eng. 48 (2015) 194-198. https://doi.org/10.5695/JKISE.2015.48.5.194
  54. M. F. Montemor, A. M. Simoes, M. G. S. Ferreira, M. J. Carmezim, Composition and corrosion resistance of cerium conversion films on the AZ31 magnesium alloy and its relation to the salt anion, Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 (2008) 1806-1814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.187
  55. L. Ling-jie, L. Jing-lei L, Y. Shenghai, T. Yujing, J. Qiquan, P. Fusheng, Formation and characterization of cerium conversion coatings on magnesiumalloy, J. of Rare Earth. 26 (2008) 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(08)60101-5
  56. C. S. Lin, W. J. Li, Corrosion resistance of ceriumconversion coated AZ31 magnesium alloys in cerium nitrate solutions, Mater. Trans. 47 (2006) 1020-1025. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.1020
  57. C. E. Castano CE, Cerium-based conversion coatings on magnesium alloys, 2014 http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2140/
  58. N. Van Phuong, S. Moon, Deposition and characterization of E-paint on magnesium alloys, Prog. Org. Coat. 89 (2015) 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.08.014
  59. N. Van Phuong, K.H. Lee, D. Chang, and S. Moon, Effects of phosphating bath compositions on the formation and structure of zinc phosphate conversion coatings on magnesium alloy AZ31, Conf. Proc. Korean Inst Surf Eng., (2012) 322-323.
  60. D. Dahuang, Z. Kesong, Y. Zhenhai, Surface Technology Science for Modern Materials, Beijing: Metallurgy Industry Press, (2004) 584.
  61. N. Van Phuong, S. Moon, Adhesion and corrosion studies of electrophoretic paint on AZ31 Mg alloy pretreated in cerium solution with or without addition of ethanol, manuscript submitted to Prog. Org. Coat.
  62. S. Bohm, R. Greef, H.N. McMurray, S. M. Powell, D.A. Worsley, Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Rare Earth-Rich Protective Film Formation Using In Situ Ellipsometry, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2000) 3286-3293. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393897
  63. M. Pourbaix, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 2nd ed., NACE, Houston, TX (1974).
  64. A. J. Aldykiewicz, A. J. Davenport, H. S. Isaacs, Studies of the Formation of Cerium-Rich Protective Films Using X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy and Rotating Disk Electrode Methods, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1836400

Cited by

  1. Cerium- and phosphate-based sealing treatments of PEO coated AZ31 Mg alloy vol.309, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.11.055
  2. Effect of Zincate Treatment of As-Cast AZ91 Mg Alloy on Electrodeposition of Copper in a Copper Pyrophosphate Bath vol.49, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5695/JKISE.2016.49.5.401
  3. Electrophoretic painting on AZ31 Mg alloy pretreated in cerium conversion coating solutions prepared in ethanol-water mixtures vol.23, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-017-6481-7
  4. Electrodeposition of Copper on AZ91 Mg Alloy in Cyanide Solution vol.49, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5695/JKISE.2016.49.3.238
  5. Anodic Oxidation Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Aqueous Electrolyte Containing Various Na2CO3Concentrations vol.49, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5695/JKISE.2016.49.4.331