References
- Arar, E. J. & Collins G. B. 1997. In vitro determination of chlorophyll a and pheophytina in marine and freshwater algae by fluorescence. m445.0-11. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
-
Badger, M. R., Andrews, T. J., Whitney, S. M., Ludwig, M., Yellowlees, D. C., Leggat, W. & Price, G. D. 1998. The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based
$CO_2$ -concentrating mechanisms in the algae. Can. J. Bot. 76:1052-1071. - Berge, T., Hansen, P. J. & Moestrup, O. 2008. Prey size spectrum and bioenergetics of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 50:289-299. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01166
- Bockstahler, K. R. & Coats, D. W. 1993. Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Biol. 116:477-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350065
-
Burkhardt, S., Amoroso, G., Riebesell, U. & Sultemeyer, D. 2001.
$CO_2$ and$HCO_3$ -uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different$CO_2$ concentrations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:1378-1391. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1378 - Burkholder, J. M., Glibert, P. M. & Skelton, H. M. 2008. Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. Harmful Algae 8:77-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.010
- Dason, J. S., Huertas, I. E. & Colman, B. 2004. Source of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in two marine dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 40:285-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03123.x
- Dickson, A. G. & Millero, F. J. 1987. A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Res. A 34:1733-1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5
- Emerson, S., Quay, P., Karl, D., Winn, C., Tupas, L. & Landry, M. 1997. Experimental determination of the organic carbon flux from open-ocean surface waters. Nature 389:951-954. https://doi.org/10.1038/40111
- Falkowski, P. G. & Raven, J. A. 1997. Aquatic photosynthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 375 pp.
-
Giordano, M., Beardall, J. & Raven, J. A. 2005.
$CO_2$ concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 56:99-131. - Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J. M., Kana, T. M., Alexander, J., Skelton, H. & Shilling, C. 2009. Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances its growth rate and may help to sustain blooms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 55:17-30. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01279
- Guillard, R. R. L. & Ryther, J. H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Grun. Can. J. Microbiol. 8:229-239. https://doi.org/10.1139/m62-029
- Hansen, P. J., Lundholm, N. & Rost, B. 2007. Growth limitation in marine red-tide dinoflagellates: effects of pH versus inorganic carbon availability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 334:63-71. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps334063
- Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., Van der Linden, P. J. & Xiaosu, D. 2001. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881 pp.
- Jacobson, D. M. & Anderson, D. M. 1996. Widespread phagocytosis of ciliates and other protists by marine mixotrophic and heterotrophic thecate dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 32:279-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00279.x
- Jeong, H. J. & Latz, M. I. 1994. Growth and grazing rates of the heterotrphic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium spp. on red tide dinoflagellates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 106:173-185. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps106173
- Jeong, H. J., Lee, C. W., Yih, W. H. & Kim, J. S. 1997. Fragilidium cf. mexicanum, a thecate mixotrophic dinoflagellate, which is prey for and a predator on co-occurring thecate heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium cf. divergens. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151:299-305. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps151299
- Jeong, H. J., Lim, A. S., Franks, P. J. S., Lee, K. H., Kim, J. H., Kang, N. S., Lee, M. J., Jang, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Yoon, E. Y., Park, J. Y., Yoo, Y. D., Seong, K. A., Kwon, J. E. & Jang, T. Y. 2015. A hierarchy of conceptual models of red-tide generation: nutrition, behavior, and biological interactions. Harmful Algae 47:97-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.06.004
- Jeong, H. J., Park, J. Y., Nho, J. H., Park, M. O., Ha, J. H., Seong, K. A., Jeng, C., Seong, C. N. & Yih, W. H. 2005a. Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 41:131-143. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame041131
- Jeong, H. J., Yoo, Y. D., Kang, N. S., Lim, A. S., Seong, K. A., Lee, S. Y., Lee, M. J., Lee, K. H., Kim, H. S., Shin, W., Nam, S. W., Yih, W. & Lee, K. 2012. Heterotrophic feeding as a newly identified survival strategy of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109:12604-12609. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204302109
- Jeong, H. J., Yoo, Y. D., Kim, J. S., Seong, K. A., Kang, N. S. & Kim, T. H. 2010. Growth, feeding, and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Sci. J. 45:65-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-010-0007-2
- Jeong, H. J., Yoo, Y. D., Park, J. Y., Song, J. Y., Kim, S. T., Lee, S. H., Kim, K. Y. & Yih, W. H. 2005b. Feeding by phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates: five species newly revealed and six species previously known to be mixotrophic. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 40:133-150. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame040133
- Jeong, H. J., Yoo, Y. D., Seong, K. A., Kim, J. H., Park, J. Y., Kim, S., Lee, S. H., Ha, J. H. & Yih, W. H. 2005c. Feeding by the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma: mechanisms, prey species, effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 38:249-257. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame038249
- Keeling, C. D. & Whorf, T. P. 2000. The 1,800-year oceanic tidal cycle: a possible cause of rapid climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:3814-3819. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.070047197
-
Kim, J.-H., Kang, E. J., Kim, K., Jeong, H. J., Lee, K., Edwards, M. S., Park, M. G., Lee, B.-G. & Kim, K. Y. 2015a. Evaluation of carbon flux in vegetative bay based on ecosystem production and
$CO_2$ exchange driven by coastal autotrophs. Algae 30:121-137. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2015.30.2.121 - Kim, S., Yoon, J. & Park, M. G. 2015b. Obligate mixotrophy of the pigmented dinoflagellate Polykrikos lebourae (Dinophyceae, Dinoflagellata). Algae 30:35-47. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2015.30.1.035
- Laws, E. A., Falkowski, P. G., Smith, W. O. Jr., Ducklow, H. & McCarthy, J. J. 2000. Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 14:1231-1246. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001229
- Lee, K. 2001. Global net community production estimated from the annual cycle of surface water total dissolved inorganic carbon. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:1287-1297. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1287
-
Lee, K., Choi, S.-D., Park, G.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Peng, T. -H., Key, R. M., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Bullister, J. L., Millero, F. J. & Kozyr, A. 2003. An update anthropogenic
$CO_2$ inventory in the Atlantic Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 17:1116. - Lee, K., Millero, F. J., Byrne, R. H., Feely, R. A. & Wanninkhof, R. 2000. The recommended dissociation constants for carbonic acid in seawater. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27:229-232. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002345
- Lee, K., Millero, F. J. & Campbell, D. M. 1996. The reliability of the thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater. Mar. Chem. 55:233-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00064-3
- Lee, K. H., Jeong, H. J., Jang, T. Y., Lim, A. S., Kang, N. S., Kim, J.-H., Kim, K. Y., Park, K.-T. & Lee, K. 2014a. Feeding by the newly described mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 459:114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.05.011
- Lee, K. H., Jeong, H. J., Kwon, J. E., Kang, H. C., Kim, J. H., Jang, S. H., Park, J. Y., Yoon, E. Y. & Kim, J. S. 2016. Mixotrophic ability of the phototrophic dinoflagellates Alexandrium andersonii, A. affine, and A. fraterculus. Harmful Algae 59:67-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.008
- Lee, M. J., Jeong, H. J., Lee, K. H., Jang, S. H., Kim, J. H. & Kim, K. Y. 2015. Mixotrophy in the nematocyst-taeniocyst complex-bearing phototrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos hartmannii. Harmful Algae 49:124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.08.006
- Lee, S. K., Jeong, H. J., Jang, S. H., Lee, K. H., Kang, N. S., Lee, M. J. & Potvin, E. 2014b. Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration. Algae 29:137-152. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2014.29.2.137
- Legrand, C., Graneli, E. & Carlsson, P. 1998. Induced phagotrophy in the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 15:65-75. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame015065
- Lim, A. S., Jeong, H. J., Kim, J. H., Jang, S. H., Lee, M. J. & Lee, K. 2015. Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Alexandrium pohangense: a specialist for feeding on the fast-swimming ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 49:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.010
-
Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G. & Keeling, C. D. 2000. Ocean
$pCO_2$ calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for$K_1$ and$K_2$ : validation based on laboratory measurements of$CO_2$ in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar. Chem. 70:105-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00022-0 - Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E. & Pytkowicx, R. M. 1973. Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:897-907. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897
- Millero, F. J., Graham, T. B., Huang, F., Bustos-Serrano, H. & Pierrot, D. 2006. Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature. Mar. Chem. 100:80-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.12.001
- Millero, F. J., Pierrot, D., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R., Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M. & Takahashi, T. 2002. Dissociation constants for carbonic acid determined from field measurements. Deep-Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 49:1705-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00093-6
-
Miyachi, S., Iwasaki, I. & Shiraiwa, Y. 2003. Historical perspective on microalgal and cyanobacterial acclimation to low-and extremely high-
$CO_2$ conditions. Photosynthesis Res. 77:139-153. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025817616865 - Nimer, N. A., Brownlee, C. & Merrett, M. J. 1999. Extracellular carbonic anhydrase facilitates carbon dioxide availability for photosynthesis in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans. Plant Physiol. 120:105-111. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.120.1.105
- Nygaard, K. & Tobiesen, A. 1993. Bacterivory in algae: a survival strategy during nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38:273-279. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0273
- Park, M. G., Kim, S., Kim, H. S., Myung, G., Kang, Y. G. & Yih, W. 2006. First successful culture of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 45:101-106. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame045101
- Reinfelder, J. R. 2011. Carbon concentrating mechanisms in eukaryotic marine phytoplankton. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3:291-315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142720
- Rene, A., Camp, J. & Garces, E. 2014. Polykrikos tanit sp. nov., a new mixotrophic unarmoured pseudocolonial dinoflagellate from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Protist 165:81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2013.12.001
- Rost, B., Richter, K.-U., Riebesell, U. & Hansen, P. J. 2006. Inorganic carbon acquisition in red tide dinoflagellates. Plant Cell Environ. 29:810-822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01450.x
- Rost, B., Riebesell, U., Burkhardt, S. & Sultemeyer, D. 2003. Carbon acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48:55-67. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.1.0055
-
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Key, R. M., Bullister, J. L., Millero, F. J., Lee, K., Peng, T.-H., Tilbrook, B., Ono, T. & Wong, C. S. 2002. Distribution of anthropogenic
$CO_2$ in the Pacific Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16:1083. -
Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Johnson, K. M., Millero, F. J., Poisson, A., Sarmiento, J. L., Wallace, D. W. R. & Winn, C. D. 1999. Anthropogenic
$CO_2$ inventory of the Indian Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13:179-198. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GB900022 - Seong, K. A., Jeong, H. J., Kim, S., Kim, G. H. & Kang, J. H. 2006. Bacterivory by co-occurring red-tide algae, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and ciliates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 322:85-97. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps322085
- Skovgaard, A., Hansen, P. J. & Stoecker, D. K. 2000. Physiology of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium subglobosum. I. Effects of phagotrophy and irradiance on photosynthesis and carbon content. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 201:129-136. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps201129
- Spurr, A. R. 1969. A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26:31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(69)90033-1
- Stoecker, D. K. 1999. Mixotrophy among dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46:397-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x
-
Wanninkhof, R., Lewis, E., Feely, R. A. & Millero, F. J. 1999. The optimal carbonate dissociation constants for determining surface water
$pCO_2$ from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon. Mar. Chem. 65:291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00021-3 - Yoo, Y. D., Jeong, H. J., Kim, M. S., Kang, N. S., Song, J. Y., Shin, W., Kim, K. Y. & Lee, K. 2009. Feeding by phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates on the ubiquitous marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56:413-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00421.x
Cited by
- An advanced tool, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), for absolute quantification of the red-tide dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae) vol.32, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2017.32.9.10
- (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) vol.57, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.2216/17-71.1
- A continuous-flow and on-site mesocosm for ocean acidification experiments on benthic organisms vol.33, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2018.33.11.10
- Unlocking the black‐box of inorganic carbon‐uptake and utilization strategies among coral endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) vol.65, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11416