Korean Journal of Radiology

  • 제16권2호
  • /
  • Pages.372-390
  • /
  • 2015
  • /
  • 1229-6929(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2005-8330(eISSN)
대한영상의학회 (The Korean Society of Radiology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Imaging-Based Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Current Neuroradiological Perspectives

  • Na, Dong Gyu (Department of Neuroradiology, Head & Neck Radiology, Thyroid Radiology Human Medical Imaging & Intervention Center) ;
  • Sohn, Chul-Ho (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Eung Yeop (Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center)
  • 투고 : 2014.07.22
  • 심사 : 2014.12.02
  • 발행 : 2015.04.01
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Advances in imaging-based management of acute ischemic stroke now provide crucial information such as infarct core, ischemic penumbra/degree of collaterals, vessel occlusion, and thrombus that helps in the selection of the best candidates for reperfusion therapy. It also predicts thrombolytic efficacy and benefit or potential hazards from therapy. Thus, radiologists should be familiar with various imaging studies for patients with acute ischemic stroke and the applicability to clinical trials. This helps radiologists to obtain optimal rapid imaging as well as its accurate interpretation. This review is focused on imaging studies for acute ischemic stroke, including their roles in recent clinical trials and some guidelines to optimal interpretation.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)

참고문헌

  1. Patel SC, Levine SR, Tilley BC, Grotta JC, Lu M, Frankel M, et al. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA 2001;286:2830-2838 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.22.2830
  2. Na DG, Kim EY, Ryoo JW, Lee KH, Roh HG, Kim SS, et al. CT sign of brain swelling without concomitant parenchymal hypoattenuation: comparison with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2005;235:992-998 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2353040571
  3. Butcher KS, Lee SB, Parsons MW, Allport L, Fink J, Tress B, et al. Differential prognosis of isolated cortical swelling and hypoattenuation on CT in acute stroke. Stroke 2007;38:941-947 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000258099.69995.b6
  4. Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013;44:870-947 https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a
  5. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, Toni D, Lesaffre E, von Kummer R, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995;274:1017-1025 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530130023023
  6. Finlayson O, John V, Yeung R, Dowlatshahi D, Howard P, Zhang L, et al. Interobserver agreement of ASPECT score distribution for noncontrast CT, CT angiography, and CT perfusion in acute stroke. Stroke 2013;44:234-236 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.665208
  7. Demaerschalk BM, Silver B, Wong E, Merino JG, Tamayo A, Hachinski V. ASPECT scoring to estimate >1/3 middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Can J Neurol Sci 2006;33:200-204 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100004972
  8. Dzialowski I, Hill MD, Coutts SB, Demchuk AM, Kent DM, Wunderlich O, et al. Extent of early ischemic changes on computed tomography (CT) before thrombolysis: prognostic value of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score in ECASS II. Stroke 2006;37:973-978 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000206215.62441.56
  9. Puetz V, Dzialowski I, Hill MD, Demchuk AM. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score in clinical practice: what have we learned? Int J Stroke 2009;4:354-364 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00337.x
  10. Yoo AJ, Zaidat OO, Chaudhry ZA, Berkhemer OA, Gonzalez RG, Goyal M, et al. Impact of pretreatment noncontrast CT Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score on clinical outcome after intra-arterial stroke therapy. Stroke 2014;45:746-751 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004260
  11. Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Goyal M, Jovin TG, Foster LD, Tomsick TA, et al. Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography score to select patients for endovascular treatment: Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS)-III Trial. Stroke 2014;45:444-449 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003580
  12. ACR-AAPM. Practice parameter for diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses in medical X-ray imaging. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2014
  13. Supanich MP. Protocol Review - Interactive Session: what are the participants using for head CT? Phoenix: AAPM, 2013
  14. Bahner ML, Reith W, Zuna I, Engenhart-Cabillic R, van Kaick G. Spiral CT vs incremental CT: is spiral CT superior in imaging of the brain? Eur Radiol 1998;8:416-420 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300050403
  15. AAPM. Adult Routine Head CT Protocols Version 1.1. College Park: American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2012
  16. Lev MH, Farkas J, Gemmete JJ, Hossain ST, Hunter GJ, Koroshetz WJ, et al. Acute stroke: improved nonenhanced CT detection--benefits of soft-copy interpretation by using variable window width and center level settings. Radiology 1999;213:150-155 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.213.1.r99oc10150
  17. Rapalino O, Kamalian S, Kamalian S, Payabvash S, Souza LC, Zhang D, et al. Cranial CT with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction: improved image quality with concomitant radiation dose reduction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:609-615 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2826
  18. Bhatia R, Bal SS, Shobha N, Menon BK, Tymchuk S, Puetz V, et al. CT angiographic source images predict outcome and final infarct volume better than noncontrast CT in proximal vascular occlusions. Stroke 2011;42:1575-1580 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.603936
  19. Pulli B, Schaefer PW, Hakimelahi R, Chaudhry ZA, Lev MH, Hirsch JA, et al. Acute ischemic stroke: infarct core estimation on CT angiography source images depends on CT angiography protocol. Radiology 2012;262:593-604 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110896
  20. Wintermark M, Flanders AE, Velthuis B, Meuli R, van Leeuwen M, Goldsher D, et al. Perfusion-CT assessment of infarct core and penumbra: receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in 130 patients suspected of acute hemispheric stroke. Stroke 2006;37:979-985 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000209238.61459.39
  21. Campbell BC, Christensen S, Levi CR, Desmond PM, Donnan GA, Davis SM, et al. Comparison of computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging perfusion-diffusion mismatch in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2012;43:2648-2653 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.660548
  22. Albach FN, Brunecker P, Usnich T, Villringer K, Ebinger M, Fiebach JB, et al. Complete early reversal of diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintensities after ischemic stroke is mainly limited to small embolic lesions. Stroke 2013;44:1043-1048 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.676346
  23. Inoue M, Mlynash M, Christensen S, Wheeler HM, Straka M, Tipirneni A, et al. Early diffusion-weighted imaging reversal after endovascular reperfusion is typically transient in patients imaged 3 to 6 hours after onset. Stroke 2014;45:1024-1028 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002135
  24. Olivot JM, Mosimann PJ, Labreuche J, Inoue M, Meseguer E, Desilles JP, et al. Impact of diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume on the success of endovascular reperfusion therapy. Stroke 2013;44:2205-2211 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.000911
  25. Yoo AJ, Verduzco LA, Schaefer PW, Hirsch JA, Rabinov JD, Gonzalez RG. MRI-based selection for intra-arterial stroke therapy: value of pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume in selecting patients with acute stroke who will benefit from early recanalization. Stroke 2009;40:2046-2054 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.541656
  26. Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L, Kemp S, Schlaug G, Skalabrin E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 2006;60:508-517 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20976
  27. Lansberg MG, Straka M, Kemp S, Mlynash M, Wechsler LR, Jovin TG, et al. MRI profile and response to endovascular reperfusion after stroke (DEFUSE 2): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:860-867 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70203-X
  28. Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, Alger JR, Nenov V, Ajani Z, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368:914-923 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1212793
  29. Inoue M, Olivot JM, Labreuche J, Mlynash M, Tai W, Albucher JF, et al. Impact of diffusion-weighted imaging Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score on the success of endovascular reperfusion therapy. Stroke 2014;45:1992-1998 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005084
  30. de Margerie-Mellon C, Turc G, Tisserand M, Naggara O, Calvet D, Legrand L, et al. Can DWI-ASPECTS substitute for lesion volume in acute stroke? Stroke 2013;44:3565-3567 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003047
  31. Kawano H, Hirano T, Nakajima M, Inatomi Y, Yonehara T. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging may underestimate acute ischemic lesions: cautions on neglecting a computed tomography-diffusion-weighted imaging discrepancy. Stroke 2013;44:1056-1061 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000254
  32. Thomalla G, Cheng B, Ebinger M, Hao Q, Tourdias T, Wu O, et al. DWI-FLAIR mismatch for the identification of patients with acute ischaemic stroke within 4.5 h of symptom onset (PRE-FLAIR): a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:978-986 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70192-2
  33. Thomalla G, Rossbach P, Rosenkranz M, Siemonsen S, Krutzelmann A, Fiehler J, et al. Negative fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging identifies acute ischemic stroke at 3 hours or less. Ann Neurol 2009;65:724-732 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21651
  34. Galinovic I, Puig J, Neeb L, Guibernau J, Kemmling A, Siemonsen S, et al. Visual and region of interest-based inter-rater agreement in the assessment of the diffusion-weighted imaging-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery mismatch. Stroke 2014;45:1170-1172 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002661
  35. Thomalla G, Fiebach JB, Ostergaard L, Pedraza S, Thijs V, Nighoghossian N, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance imaging-based thrombolysis in wake-up stroke (WAKE-UP). Int J Stroke 2014;9:829-836 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12011
  36. Cheng B, Ebinger M, Kufner A, Kohrmann M, Wu O, Kang DW, et al. Hyperintense vessels on acute stroke fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging: associations with clinical and other MRI findings. Stroke 2012;43:2957-2961 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.658906
  37. Bhatia R, Hill MD, Shobha N, Menon B, Bal S, Kochar P, et al. Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke: real-world experience and a call for action. Stroke 2010;41:2254-2258 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.592535
  38. Riedel CH, Jensen U, Rohr A, Tietke M, Alfke K, Ulmer S, et al. Assessment of thrombus in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion using thin-slice nonenhanced Computed Tomography reconstructions. Stroke 2010;41:1659-1664 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.580662
  39. Riedel CH, Zoubie J, Ulmer S, Gierthmuehlen J, Jansen O. Thin-slice reconstructions of nonenhanced CT images allow for detection of thrombus in acute stroke. Stroke 2012;43:2319-2323 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.649921
  40. Frolich AM, Schrader D, Klotz E, Schramm R, Wasser K, Knauth M, et al. 4D CT angiography more closely defines intracranial thrombus burden than single-phase CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1908-1913 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3533
  41. Rohan V, Baxa J, Tupy R, Cerna L, Sevcik P, Friesl M, et al. Length of occlusion predicts recanalization and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 2014;45:2010-2017 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005731
  42. Riedel CH, Zimmermann P, Jensen-Kondering U, Stingele R, Deuschl G, Jansen O. The importance of size: successful recanalization by intravenous thrombolysis in acute anterior stroke depends on thrombus length. Stroke 2011;42:1775-1777 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.609693
  43. Weisstanner C, Gratz PP, Schroth G, Verma RK, Kochl A, Jung S, et al. Thrombus imaging in acute stroke: correlation of thrombus length on susceptibility-weighted imaging with endovascular reperfusion success. Eur Radiol 2014;24:1735-1741 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3200-3
  44. Fujimoto M, Salamon N, Mayor F, Yuki I, Takemoto K, Vinters HV, et al. Characterization of arterial thrombus composition by magnetic resonance imaging in a swine stroke model. Stroke 2013;44:1463-1465 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000457
  45. Whiteley WN, Slot KB, Fernandes P, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 55 studies. Stroke 2012;43:2904-2909 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.665331
  46. Strbian D, Engelter S, Michel P, Meretoja A, Sekoranja L, Ahlhelm FJ, et al. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis: the SEDAN score. Ann Neurol 2012;71:634-641 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23546
  47. Aviv RI, d'Esterre CD, Murphy BD, Hopyan JJ, Buck B, Mallia G, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke: prediction with CT perfusion. Radiology 2009;250:867-877 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2503080257
  48. Leigh R, Jen SS, Hillis AE, Krakauer JW, Barker PB; STIR and VISTA Imaging Investigators. Pretreatment blood-brain barrier damage and post-treatment intracranial hemorrhage in patients receiving intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. Stroke 2014;45:2030-2035 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005249
  49. Campbell BC, Christensen S, Parsons MW, Churilov L, Desmond PM, Barber PA, et al. Advanced imaging improves prediction of hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis. Ann Neurol 2013;73:510-519 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23837
  50. Liebeskind DS. Collateral lessons from recent acute ischemic stroke trials. Neurol Res 2014;36:397-402 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000348
  51. Frolich AM, Wolff SL, Psychogios MN, Klotz E, Schramm R, Wasser K, et al. Time-resolved assessment of collateral flow using 4D CT angiography in large-vessel occlusion stroke. Eur Radiol 2014;24:390-396 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3024-6
  52. Smit EJ, Vonken EJ, van Seeters T, Dankbaar JW, van der Schaaf IC, Kappelle LJ, et al. Timing-invariant imaging of collateral vessels in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2013;44:2194-2199 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000675
  53. Gonzalez RG, Furie KL, Goldmacher GV, Smith WS, Kamalian S, Payabvash S, et al. Good outcome rate of 35% in IV-tPA-treated patients with computed tomography angiography confirmed severe anterior circulation occlusive stroke. Stroke 2013;44:3109-3113 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001938
  54. Demchuk AM, Goyal M, Yeatts SD, Carrozzella J, Foster LD, Qazi E, et al. Recanalization and clinical outcome of occlusion sites at baseline CT angiography in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. Radiology 2014;273:202-210 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14132649
  55. Nael K, Meshksar A, Ellingson B, Pirastehfar M, Salamon N, Finn P, et al. Combined low-dose contrast-enhanced MR angiography and perfusion for acute ischemic stroke at 3T: a more efficient stroke protocol. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:1078-1084 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3848
  56. Lou M, Chen Z, Wan J, Hu H, Cai X, Shi Z, et al. Susceptibility-diffusion mismatch predicts thrombolytic outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:2061-2067 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4017
  57. Bivard A, Levi C, Spratt N, Parsons M. Perfusion CT in acute stroke: a comprehensive analysis of infarct and penumbra. Radiology 2013;267:543-550 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120971
  58. Churilov L, Liu D, Ma H, Christensen S, Nagakane Y, Campbell B, et al. Multiattribute selection of acute stroke imaging software platform for Extending the Time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits (EXTEND) clinical trial. Int J Stroke 2013;8:204-210 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00787.x
  59. Goyal M, Menon BK, Derdeyn CP. Perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke: let us improve the science before changing clinical practice. Radiology 2013;266:16-21 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112134
  60. Goyal M, Almekhlafi MA, Fan L, Menon BK, Demchuk AM, Yeatts SD, et al. Evaluation of interval times from onset to reperfusion in patients undergoing endovascular therapy in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. Circulation 2014;130:265-272 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007826
  61. Khatri P, Yeatts SD, Mazighi M, Broderick JP, Liebeskind DS, Demchuk AM, et al. Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:567-574 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70066-3
  62. Lummel N, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Bernau C, Pfefferkorn T, Patzig M, Janssen H, et al. Hyperattenuated intracerebral lesions after mechanical recanalization in acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:345-351 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3656
  63. Jang YM, Lee DH, Kim HS, Ryu CW, Lee JH, Choi CG, et al. The fate of high-density lesions on the non-contrast CT obtained immediately after intra-arterial thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients. Korean J Radiol 2006;7:221-228 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2006.7.4.221
  64. Gupta R, Phan CM, Leidecker C, Brady TJ, Hirsch JA, Nogueira RG, et al. Evaluation of dual-energy CT for differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage from iodinated contrast material staining. Radiology 2010;257:205-211 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10091806
  65. Tourdias T, Renou P, Sibon I, Asselineau J, Bracoud L, Dumoulin M, et al. Final cerebral infarct volume is predictable by MR imaging at 1 week. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:352-358 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2271
  66. Campbell BC, Tu HT, Christensen S, Desmond PM, Levi CR, Bladin CF, et al. Assessing response to stroke thrombolysis: validation of 24-hour multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 2012;69:46-50 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.232
  67. Liebeskind DS, Jahan R, Nogueira RG, Jovin TG, Lutsep HL, Saver JL, et al. Serial Alberta Stroke Program early CT score from baseline to 24 hours in Solitaire Flow Restoration with the Intention for Thrombectomy study: a novel surrogate end point for revascularization in acute stroke. Stroke 2014;45:723-727 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003914
  68. Yoo AJ, Simonsen CZ, Prabhakaran S, Chaudhry ZA, Issa MA, Fugate JE, et al. Refining angiographic biomarkers of revascularization: improving outcome prediction after intra-arterial therapy. Stroke 2013;44:2509-2512 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001990
  69. Eilaghi A, Brooks J, d'Esterre C, Zhang L, Swartz RH, Lee TY, et al. Reperfusion is a stronger predictor of good clinical outcome than recanalization in ischemic stroke. Radiology 2013;269:240-248 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13122327
  70. Mirasol RV, Bokkers RP, Hernandez DA, Merino JG, Luby M, Warach S, et al. Assessing reperfusion with whole-brain arterial spin labeling: a noninvasive alternative to gadolinium. Stroke 2014;45:456-461 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004001
  71. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-1587 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199512143332401
  72. Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Barber PA, Silver B, Patel SC, Levine SR, et al. Importance of early ischemic computed tomography changes using ASPECTS in NINDS rtPA Stroke Study. Stroke 2005;36:2110-2115 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000181116.15426.58
  73. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 1998;352:1245-1251 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08020-9
  74. Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thromblytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators. Stroke 2000;31:811-816 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.4.811
  75. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA 1999;282:2019-2026 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.21.2019
  76. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363:768-774 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15692-4
  77. Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, Brott TG, Toni D, Grotta JC, et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet 2010;375:1695-1703 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60491-6
  78. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Davalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1317-1329 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656
  79. IST-3 collaborative group. Effect of thrombolysis with alteplase within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke on long-term outcomes (the third International Stroke Trial [IST-3]): 18-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:768-776 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70130-3
  80. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, Levi C, Butcher KS, Peeters A, et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:299-309 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70044-9
  81. Lansberg MG, Lee J, Christensen S, Straka M, De Silva DA, Mlynash M, et al. RAPID automated patient selection for reperfusion therapy: a pooled analysis of the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET) and the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) Study. Stroke 2011;42:1608-1614 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.609008
  82. Ma H, Parsons MW, Christensen S, Campbell BC, Churilov L, Connelly A, et al. A multicentre, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase III study to investigate EXtending the time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits (EXTEND). Int J Stroke 2012;7:74-80 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00730.x
  83. ISRCTN registry. European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study-4: Extending the time for thrombolysis in emergency neurological deficits. BioMed Central 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN71616222
  84. von Kummer R, Albers GW, Mori E; DIAS Steering Committees. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke (DIAS) clinical trial program. Int J Stroke 2012;7:589-596 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00910.x
  85. Rha JH, Saver JL. The impact of recanalization on ischemic stroke outcome: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2007;38:967-973 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000258112.14918.24
  86. Hassan AE, Chaudhry SA, Grigoryan M, Tekle WG, Qureshi AI. National trends in utilization and outcomes of endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients in the mechanical thrombectomy era. Stroke 2012;43:3012-3017 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.658781
  87. Nogueira RG, Lutsep HL, Gupta R, Jovin TG, Albers GW, Walker GA, et al. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularisation of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomised trial. Lancet 2012;380:1231-1240 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61299-9
  88. Saver JL, Jahan R, Levy EI, Jovin TG, Baxter B, Nogueira RG, et al. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;380:1241-1249 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61384-1
  89. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999;282:2003-2011 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.21.2003
  90. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, Saver JL, Kidwell CS, Gobin YP, et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke 2005;36:1432-1438 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000171066.25248.1d
  91. Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J, Budzik R, Duckwiler G, Liebeskind DS, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke 2008;39:1205-1212 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.497115
  92. Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators. The penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke 2009;40:2761-2768 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.544957
  93. Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, Yeatts SD, Khatri P, Hill MD, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368:893-903 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214300
  94. Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M, Sgoifo A, Ponzio M, Sterzi R, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368:904-913 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1213701
  95. Mokin M, Khalessi AA, Mocco J, Lanzino G, Dumont TM, Hanel RA, et al. Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the end or just the beginning? Neurosurg Focus 2014;36:E5
  96. Liebeskind DS, Tomsick TA, Foster LD, Yeatts SD, Carrozzella J, Demchuk AM, et al. Collaterals at angiography and outcomes in the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III trial. Stroke 2014;45:759-764 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004072
  97. Nambiar V, Sohn SI, Almekhlafi MA, Chang HW, Mishra S, Qazi E, et al. CTA collateral status and response to recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:884-890 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3817

피인용 문헌

  1. Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model after Localized Brain Cooling in Rats vol.17, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.715
  2. What are the images used to diagnose and assess suspected strokes?: A systematic literature review of care in four European countries vol.18, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2018.1429270
  3. Recommendations for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Consensus Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Indian Stroke Association vol.1, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/2516608518777935