아동학회지 (Korean Journal of Child Studies)

  • 제36권3호
  • /
  • Pages.59-75
  • /
  • 2015
  • /
  • 1226-1688(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-408X(eISSN)
한국아동학회 (Korean Association of Child Studies)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

유아의 정서적 공감능력, 어머니의 공감능력 및 유아의 친사회적 행동 간의 관계

The Relationship between a Child's Affective Empathy, a Mother's Empathy, and the Child's Prosocial Behavior

  • 송승희 (경희대학교 아동가족학과) ;
  • 장경은 (경희대학교 아동가족학과)
  • 투고 : 2015.03.31
  • 심사 : 2015.06.02
  • 발행 : 2015.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between children's affective empathy, their mother's cognitive and affective empathy, and children's prosocial behavior; as well as to examine ways of enhancing children's prosocial behavior by analyzing the factors affecting its development. The results of this study may be summarized as follows. First, girls generally had higher levels of empathetic ability and pro-social behavior than boys. Secondly, there was not to be no significant correlation between the children's affective empathetic ability and the mothers' cognitive and affective empathetic abilities. However, there was a significant association between the affective empathy of the children and the mothers' cognitive empathetic abilities with the children's prosocial behavior. Thirdly, both the affective empathy of the children and the mothers' cognitive empathy predicted the level of the children's prosocial behavior.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Asakawa, K., & Schwalb, D. W. (1985). Empathy and intimacy: An investigation of rural japanese children. Paper presented at biennial meeting of the society for research in Child Development, Toronto.
  2. Bardwick, K. M., & Douvan, E. K. (1972). Ambivalence: The socialization of women. In Cornick. V., & Moran, B. (eds.), Women in a sexist society. Basic Books, New York.
  3. Baron-Cohen, S. (2003).The friendship questionnaire: an investigation of adults with aspergers syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 33(5), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025879411971
  4. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic?. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20(C), 65-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60412-8
  5. Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. (1990). Patterns of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/352833
  6. Beutel, A. M., & Johnson., M. K. (2004). Gender and prosocial values during adolescence: A Research Note. The Sociological Quarterly, 45(2), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb00017.x
  7. Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53(2), 413-426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128984
  8. Buckley, N., Siegel, L. S., & Ness, S. (1979). Egocentrism, empathy, and altruistic behavior in young children. Developmental Psychology, 15, 329-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.15.3.329
  9. Casselsl, T. G., Chan, S., Chung., & Birch, S. A. (2010). The role culture in affective empathy: Cultural and bicultural differences. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10, 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853710X531203
  10. Cho, E. J. (2003). Young children's prosocial behavior: A critical review of the literature. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 7(4), 181-202.
  11. Cho, M. O. (2012). Present study is on pro-social behavior of infants and coaching capability of mothers according to mother's background characteristics. Unpublished master's thesis. Chongshin University, Seoul, Korea.
  12. Choi, S. R. (2002). A study on relationship between a linguistic type of father and young children's empathic level. Unpublished master's thesis. Kangnam University, Seoul, Korea.
  13. Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
  14. Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multi dimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51, 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
  15. Davis, M. H. (2004). Empathy: Negotiating the border between self and other. In L. Z. Tiedens, & C. Leach (Eds.), The social life emotions(pp. 19-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  16. Denham, S. A., Zoller, D., & Couchoud, E. A. (1994). Socialization of preschoolers' emotion understanding. Department of Psychology, 30(6), 928-936.
  17. Dunn, J., & Munn, P. (1986). Sibling quarrels and maternal intervention: Individual differences in understanding and aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 27(5), 583-595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00184.x
  18. Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R., & Roth, K. (1983). Prosocial development: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 19(6), 846-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.6.846
  19. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91
  20. Eisenberg, N., Wentzel, N. M., & Harris, J. D. (1998). The role of emotionality and regulation in empathy-related responding. School Psychology Review, 27(4), 506.
  21. Fagot, B., & Hagan, R. (1985). Aggression in toddlers: Responses to the assertive acts of boys and girls. Sex Roles, 12(3/4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287600
  22. Feshbach, S. (1987). Individual aggression, national attachment, and the search for peace: Psychological perspectives. Aggressive Behavior, 13(5), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1987)13:5<315::AID-AB2480130508>3.0.CO;2-4
  23. Gini, G., Benelli B., Paolo, A., & Altoe, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents' active defending and passive by standing behavior in bullying. Journal of adolescence, 31(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002
  24. Goldstein, D. L. (1984). The effect of sex and sex-role on empathy process: An explanation of person and contextual factors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45.
  25. Green, S. K. (1975). Casual attribution of emotion and its relationship to role-taking and helping behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 36.
  26. Guerney, A. S. (1977). Instability of therapeutic conditions in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 16-24.
  27. Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 712-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.712
  28. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg, (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 218-231). New York: Academic Press.
  29. Hong, H. R. (2008), The relationship of infants' predispositions, emotional intelligence, social actions and their mother's belief in rearing infants and social strategies related to mother's prosocial actions. Unpublished master's thesis. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
  30. Hong, J. J. (1988). The study of empathy and aggression in children. Unpublished master's thesis. Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  31. Hwang, S. H. (1996). An analysis of the effect of prosocial training on children's prosocial behavior with reference to children's age, sex, and temperament. Department of Early Childhood Education, 6(1), 67-90.
  32. Jung, H. W., & Kim, K. Y. (1998). The relationships of home environment and personal factors to children's prosocial behaviors: Analysis of sex & age. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association. 36(11), 103-117.
  33. Kalliopuska, M. (1984). Empathy in orphaned children. Psychological Reports, 55(1), 12-14. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1984.55.1.12
  34. Kang, M. J. (2010). The relationship of mother's parental role intelligence, child's empathy ability and self-regulation. Unpublished master's thesis, Inje University, Inje, Korea.
  35. Kilpatrick, K. L. (2005). The parental empathy measure: A new approach to assessing child maltreatment risk. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 608-620. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.608
  36. Kim, E. A. (2011). The roles of empathy, self-efficacy, and beliefs in classroom norm in defending behaviors. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  37. Kim, H. S. (2010). The effects of mother's parenting behavior frequency and parental demand for mature behavior on their preschoolers' prosocial behaviors. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 64(-), 155-177.
  38. Kim, M. A. (2011). The effect of mother's emotional empathy on emotional intelligence of young children. Unpublished master's thesis, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea.
  39. Kim, Y. O. (2003). The relationship of child's security of attachment and adjustment behavior in mother and teacher. Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  40. Kim, Y. O. (2005). A study on korean children's prosocial behaviors according to gender, age and locale. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 25(3), 51-75.
  41. Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Parental discipline and affection and children's prosocial behavior: Genetic and environmental links. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.147
  42. Lee, E. Y., & Kim, K. H. (2005). The relationships between mother's child-rearing attitudes perceived by their children and children's prosocial behavior, adjustment in school life. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 10(1), 105-119.
  43. Lee, H. J. (2013). The effect on prosocial behavior and empathic ability of young children through caring education activities. Unpublished master's thesis, Sung shin University, Seoul, Korea.
  44. Lee, J. E. (2006). A study on prosocial development of child. Truth Forum, -(12), 385-401.
  45. Lee, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (1997). The sex difference in infants' verbal and nonverbal interactions with their teacher and peers. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 18(1), 23-38.
  46. Lee, Y. J. (1990). Research: The effect of parental warmth, control and children's siblings on children's prosocial behavior. Family and Environment Research, 28(2), 107-118.
  47. Lennon, R., Eisenberg, N., & Carroll, J. (1986). The relation between nonverbal indices of empathy and preschoolers' prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3, 219-224.
  48. Levine, L., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Early sex difference in empathy. Developmental Psychology, 12, 557-558. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.12.6.557
  49. Mischel, W. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029815
  50. Moon Y, S., & Lee, O, H. (2002). A study on prosocial behavior development of child. A collection of learn ed papers, 40(-), 1-33.
  51. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed). Mcgraw-Hill: New York.
  52. O'conner, M., & Cuevas, J. (1981). Understanding motivation behind prosocial acts. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 139, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1981.10534162
  53. Park, K. J. (1999). Antecedents of prosocial behaviors in preschoolers. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 37(1), 79-89.
  54. Park, S. H. (1994). Empathy, Empathic comprehension. Seoul: Woonmisa.
  55. Park, S. H. (1997). Empathy and Prosocial behavior. Seoul: Moonumsa.
  56. Park, S. J., & Kim S. O. (2003). A study on children's prosocial behaviors focused on correlation with parents. Journal of human life sciences, 6(-), 151-172.
  57. Penner, L. A., & Orom, H. (2014). Enduring goodness: A person-by-situation perspective on prosocial behavior. In In L. M. Padilla-Walker, & G. Carlo (Eds.), Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach (pp. 55-72). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  58. Putallaz, M., & Gottman, J. M. (1981). An interactional model of children's entry into peer groups. Child Development, 52(3), 986. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129103
  59. Redmond, M. V. (1989). The functions of empathy (Decentering) in human relations. Human Relations, 42(7), 593-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678904200703
  60. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 95-103.
  61. Ryu, H. S. (2002). The influence of young children's emotional intelligence and prosocial behavior on the popularity. Unpublished master's thesis, Chung-Ang Univercity, Seoul, Korea.
  62. Seo, S. A. (2007). The relationship between empathy ability and leader ship life skills of elementary school students. Unpublished master's thesis, Chengju National University of Education, Chung-Buk, Korea.
  63. Seo, S. J. (2006). A sutudy of children's pro-social behavior: Children's language development, requestive strategies, and maternal socialization beliefs and strategies. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 11(4), 287-310.
  64. Seol, G. O., & Moon, H. J. (2006). Relationships among father's involvement in child-rearing, psycho logical life position, and child's prosocial behavior. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 44(7), 1-9.
  65. Shaffer, D. R. (1988). Social and personality development. CA: Brook /Cole.
  66. Shaffer, D, R. (1994). Social and personality development. CA: Brooke/Cole.
  67. Shin, H. L., & Moon, H, J. (2009). Parent-child communication style, child's sense of identity and peer relationship. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(4), 33-46.
  68. Shin, H. O., & Kang, M. H. (1996). Effectiveness of the "Understanding activities of self and others" program in improving self-concept, perspective-taking and prosocial behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 17(2), 121-139.
  69. Skarin, K., & Moely, B. (1976). Altruistic behavior: An analysis of age sex differences. Child Development, 47, 1159-1165. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128455
  70. Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspectivetaking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 143 -173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.143
  71. White, G. M. (1972). Immediate and deferred effects of model observation and guided and unguided rehearsal on donating and stealing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032308
  72. Whiting, B., & Edwards, C. (1973). A cross-cultural analysis of sex differences in the behavior of children aged three through 11. Journal of Social Psychology, 91(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1973.9923040
  73. Williams, A., O'Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014). The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00425
  74. Wise, P. H., & Cramer, S. H. (1988). Correlates of empathy and cognitive style in early adolescence. Psychological Reports, 63, 179-192. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.179
  75. Yarrow, M. R., & Waxler, C. Z. (1976). Dimensions and correlates of prosocial behavior in young children. Development, 47. 118-125.
  76. Yang, S. E., & Chung, M. J. (1995). The effect of empathy and social evaluation on children's prosocial behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 16(2), 97-112.
  77. Yoon, K. S. (2006). The effects of storytelling instruction-learning types in social knowledge on children's prosocial behavior, peer popularity, social cognition and language expression ability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Chonnam University, Chon-nam, Korea.