DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

학령 초기 자녀의 어머니를 대상으로 한 부모존경-자녀존중 부모교육 프로그램의 효과

The Effectiveness of the Respected Parents & Respected Children Parent Education Program for Mothers of Early School-age Children

  • 김민정 (남서울대학교 아동복지학과) ;
  • 도현심 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 신나나 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 김수지 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 송승민 (수원대학교 아동가족복지학과) ;
  • 신정희 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 강하라 (이화여자대학교 아동학과)
  • 투고 : 2015.03.31
  • 심사 : 2015.06.06
  • 발행 : 2015.06.30

초록

The present study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design model in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Respected Parents & Respected Children (RPRC) parent education program for mothers of early school-age children. Ninety mothers were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=45) group or a control group (n=45). Mothers in the intervention group participated in 8 weekly sessions of the parent education program. After the termination of the program, the differences between pretest and posttest were analyzed in terms of both maternal parenting characteristics (i.e., parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and co-parenting) and children's social competence. The results indicated that only in the intervention group, self-reported positive parenting characteristics were significantly improved and negative parenting characteristics were significantly decreased. There were no significant effects of the program on children's social competence as rated by the mothers. These findings suggest that the RPRC parent education program is effective in changing parenting characteristics known as crucial predictors of child outcomes.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index(PSI) manual(3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resource, Inc.
  2. Anderson, N. E. (2007). The relationship between mothers' stress level and anxiety ratings of their children. The University of Arizona.
  3. Baruch, G. K., & Barnett, R. C. (1981). Fathers' participation in the care of their preschool children. Sex Roles, 7, 1043-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288505
  4. Belsky, J., Crnic, K., & Gable, S. (1995). The determinants of coparenting in families with toddler boys: Spousal differences and daily hassles. Child Development, 66, 629-642. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131939
  5. Breitenstein, S. M., Gross, D., Fogg, L., Ridge, A., Garvey, C., Julion, W., & Tucker, S. (2012). The Chicago parent program: Comparing 1-year outcomes for African American and Latino parents of young children. Research in Nursing & Health, 35, 475-489. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21489
  6. Bronstein, P., Ginsburg, G. S., & Herrera, I. S. (2005). Parental predictors of motivational orientation in early adolescence: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-8946-0
  7. Brotman, L. M., Dawson-McClure, S., Gouley, K. K., McGuire, K., Burraston, B., & Bank, L. (2005). Older siblings benefit from a familybased preventive intervention for preschoolers at risk for conduct problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 581-591. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.581
  8. Choi, M. K., Doh, H S., Kim, M. J., & Shin, N. (2013). Investigating the relationship among co-parenting, maternal parenting stress, and preschoolers' anxiety and hyperactivity. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 31(2), 25-39 https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2013.31.2.025
  9. Choi, H. S. (2005). The mediational role of Korean mothers' parenting self-efficacy: The casual relations model of parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 26(6), 351-365.
  10. Chun, H. Y. (1992). Temperament typology and mother's child-rearing attitude in Korean children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  11. Crnic, K. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130770
  12. DeGarmo, D. S., & Forgatch, M. S. (2005). Early development of delinquency within divorced families: Evaluating a randomized preventive intervention trial. Developmental Science, 8, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00412.x
  13. Dekovic, M., & Janssens, J. M. (1992). Parents' child-rearing style and child's sociometric status. Developmental Psychology 28, 925-932. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.925
  14. Desjardin, J. L. (2003). Assessing parental perceptions of self-efficacy and involvement in families of young children with hearing loss. Volta Review, 103(4), 391-409.
  15. Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D., Connell, A., Gardner, F., Weaver, C., & Wilson, M. (2008). The family check-up with high-risk indigent families: Preventing problem behavior by increasing parents' positive behavior support in early childhood. Child Development, 79, 1395-1414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01195.x
  16. Doh, H. S. (2008). A study on the demand for parent education program. Korean Journal of Child Studies Workshop Presentation File, 2008(1), 148.
  17. Doh, H. S. (2012). The First Parenting Book. Seoul: Knowledge Channel.
  18. Doh, H. S., Kwon, J. I., Park, B. K., Hong, S. H., Hong, J. Y., & Hwang, Y. E. (2003). The development of intervention programs based on characteristics of children victimized by peers: Focus on parent education and social skills training programs. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 24(4), 103-121.
  19. Doh, H. S., Kim, M. J., Shin, N., Park, B. K., & Choi, M. K. (2013). The effectiveness of a parent education program for preventing preschoolers' problem behavior: Based on respected parents & respected children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 34(3), 151-177. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2013.34.3.151
  20. Doh, H. S., Lee, H. S., Choi, M. K., Lee, S., & Kim, S. W. (2011). Human Development and Family. Paju, Gyeonggi: Kyomunsa.
  21. Doh, H. S., & Yoo, M. H. (1996). The development and practical application of a pilot parent education program. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 17(1), 39-55.
  22. Garber, B. D. (2004). Directed co-parenting intervention: Conducting child-centered interventions in parallel with highly conflicted co-parents. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.55
  23. Gardner, F., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Whitaker, C. (2010). Who benefits and how does it work? Moderators and mediators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a parenting intervention. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 568-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.486315
  24. Gibaud-Wallston, J., & Wandersman, L. P. (1978). Development and utility of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
  25. Hart, C. H., DeWolf, D. M., Wozniak, P., & Burts, D. C. (1992). Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: Relations with preschoolers' playground behavioral orientation and peer status. Child Development, 63, 879-892. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131240
  26. Hong, K. J. (1995). Active parenting today, parent's guide. Seoul: Chung Ang Aptitude Publishing Co.
  27. Jang, M. K., Son, K. O., & Kim, S. E. (2009). Analysis of transformation process of the parents and children who participated in the filial therapy. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 18(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2009.18.2.325
  28. Jang, S. A., & Yoo, Y. O. (2008). The effects of active parenting programs on mother's parenting efficacy and rearing stress. The Journal of Child Education, 17(3), 187-202.
  29. Jeong, G. Y., & Shin, H. C. (2011). Development and validation of the parent education program based on self-determination theory. The Korean Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 23(3), 603-634.
  30. Joyce, M. R. (1995). Emotional relief for parents: Is rational-emotive parent education effective? Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 13(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354557
  31. Jung, Y. J., & Kim, Y. J (2014). The effects of NLP counseling program on parenting stress, psychological well-being, and parenting attitude among mothers: The case of those with preschooler or school-aged children. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 19(2), 485-511. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2014.19.2.003
  32. Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Arcus, D., & Reznick, J. S. (1994). Galen's prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books.
  33. Kang, K. R. (2004). Effects of parent education program using reality therapy on mother's internal-external locus of control, depression and parenting efficacy. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyung Sung University, Seoul, Korea.
  34. Kim, J. O., & Goo, H. S. (2007). The develop and the effect of parent education program on maternal child-rearing attitude. The Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 25(1), 113-125.
  35. Kim, J. Y., Doh, H. S., & Kim, M. J. (2008). Problem behavior of preschool children: The influence of marital conflict and of children's temperament and emotion regulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(5), 133-150.
  36. Kim, K. S. (2007). AMOS Analysis structural equation modeling. Seoul: Hannarae.
  37. Kim, M. J. (2008). Development and effects of intervention program for aggressive young children: Focus on social skills training program and parent education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  38. Kim, M. J., & Doh, H. S. (2001). The influence of parenting behaviors, marital conflict, and sibling relations on aggression in children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 22(2), 149-166.
  39. Kim, M. J., Doh, H. S., Hong, J. S., & Choi, M. K. (2011). Social skills training and parent education programs for aggressive preschoolers and their parents in South Korea. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), 838-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.12.001
  40. Kim, S. J. (2001). The correlates of coparenting: Marital quality, mothers' personality, children's temperament. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  41. Kim, Y. (2007). The relationships between child's temperaments, psychological familial variables and child's problem behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kyung Ki University, Seoul, Korea.
  42. Kinsworthy, S., & Garza, Y. (2010). Filial therapy with victims of family violence: A phenomenological study. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-010-9303-y
  43. Lee, J. S., & Kim, J. H. (2014). The impact of the discrepancy in the parents' attitude towards nurturing on the perceived self-efficacy and problematic behavior of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16(3), 207-235.
  44. Lee, M., & Landreth, G. L. (2003). Filial therapy with immigrant Korean parents in the United Stated. International Journal of Play Therapy, 12(2), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088879
  45. Lee, S. H., & Doh, H. S. (2014). The development and validation of a parenting behavior scale for parents of early school-age children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35(6), 111-133. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014.35.6.111
  46. Lee, S. H., & Kim, H. S. (2013). Effects of parent education program using reality therapy - focused on mothers of elementary school children -. Journal of Korean Association of Family Relations, 18(2), 195-215.
  47. Lee, S. R., & Park, J. S. (2010). A study on effects of parent education program for parents with school aged children. Family and Environment Research, 48(1), 1-14.
  48. Leerkes, E. M., & Crockenberg, S. C. (2002). The development of maternal self-efficacy and its impact on maternal behavior. Infancy, 3(2), 227-247. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0302_7
  49. Martin, A. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2003). Balancing work and family: A controlled evaluation of the Triple P-Positive parenting program as a work-site intervention. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8(4), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-3588.00066
  50. McHale, J. P. (1997). Overt and covert coparenting processes in the family. Family Process, 36(2), 183-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1997.00183.x
  51. Menon, M., Tobin, D. D., Corby, B. C., Menon, M., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (2007). The developmental costs of high self-esteem for antisocial children. Children Development, 78(6), 1627-1639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01089.x
  52. Min, H. K. (2008). The effect of parent education program for the problem behavior of ADHD children mother's child-bearing attitude, parenting stress, and mental health. Unpublished master's thesis, Dankook University, Cheonan.
  53. Mondell, S., & Tyler, F. B. (1981). Parental competence and styles of problem solving/play behavior with children. Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.17.1.73
  54. Nicholson, B., Anderson, M., Fox, R., & Brenner, V. (2002). One family at a time: A prevention program for at-risk parents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(3), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00201.x
  55. Park, H. M. (1994). A study on parental stress based on the parenting of young children. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  56. Park, K. I., & Oh, S. (2012). Effects of active parenting today based on goal attainment theory on parenting stress, parenting behavior, and parenting satisfaction in mothers of school-age children. Journal of Korean Academy Nursery, 42(5), 659-670. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.659
  57. Posthumus, J. A., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Maassen, G. H., van Engeland, H., & Matthys, W. (2012). Sustained effects of Incredible Years as a preventive intervention in preschool children with conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9580-9
  58. Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., Dwyer, K. M., & Hastings, P. D. (2003). Predicting preschoolers' externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.164
  59. Sameroff, A. J. (1989). Principles of development and psychopathology. In A. Sameroff & R. Emde (Eds.), Relationship disturbances in early childhood (pp. 17-32). New York: Basic Books.
  60. Sameroff, A. J., & Haith, M. M. (1996). The five to seven year shift. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  61. Seo, Y. J. (2005). Children's social competence: Its relations with their shyness and maternal involvement in children's peer relations. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  62. Shanley, J. R., & Niec, L. N. (2011). The contribution of the Dyadic Parent-child Interaction Coding System(DPICS) warm-up segments in assessing parent-child interactions. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 33, 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2011.596009
  63. Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.1
  64. Shaw, D. S., Vondra, J. I., Hommerding, K. D., Keenan, K., & Dunn, M. (1994). Chronic family adversity and early child behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low income families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(6), 1109-1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01812.x
  65. Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., & Hood, N. (1998). Young children's adjustment to chronic family adversity: A longitudinal study of low-income families. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(5), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199805000-00017
  66. Shin, I. S., & Cho, O. G. (2002). The effects of active parenting today to mothers' nurturing attitudes and verbal control patterns of mothers and the child's perceptions of their mother' child-rearing behaviors. The Journal of Community Education and Counseling, 1(1), 145-166.
  67. Shin, S. J., & Chung, M. J. (1998). Effects of stress, social support and efficacy on mothers' parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 19(1), 27-42.
  68. Song, S. M., Doh, H. S., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. J., Yun, K. B., & Kim, J. E. (2014). A phenomenological approach to experiences of young children's mothers on respected parents & respected children parent education program. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 10(4), 133-158.
  69. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  70. Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918-929. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131143
  71. The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2002). Evaluation of the first three years of the Fast Track prevention trial with children at high risk for adolescent conduct problems. Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014274914287
  72. Topham, G. L., Wampler, K. S., Titus, G., & Rolling, E. (2011). Predicting parent and child outcomes of a filial therapy program. International Journal of Play Therapy, 20, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023261
  73. Webster-Stratton, C. (1987). Parents and children: A 10 program videotape parent training series with manuals. Eugene, OR: Castalia Press.
  74. Weiss, B., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1992). Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style. Child Development, 63(6), 1321-1335. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131558
  75. Yoon, J. H. (2008). Enhancing Interaction Between Child and Mother in Low-income Families: Effects of Family Group Theraplay. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(2), 89-108.

피인용 문헌

  1. The Effectiveness of the Respected Parents and Respected Children Parent Education Program for Mothers of Toddlers vol.37, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.2.95