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Comparative analysis of food intake according to the family type of elderly women in Seoul area

서울 일부지역 여자 노인들의 가구유형에 따른 영양소 섭취실태 및 식사의 질 평가

  • Lee, Yeon Joo (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University) ;
  • Kwon, Min Kyung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University) ;
  • Baek, Hee Joon (Department of Nutrition, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Sang Sun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University)
  • 이연주 (한양대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 권민경 (한양대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 백희준 (한양대학교 서울병원 영양과) ;
  • 이상선 (한양대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2015.02.10
  • Accepted : 2015.05.12
  • Published : 2015.06.30

Abstract

Purpose: As the rate of senior citizens living alone increases in the current aging society, there is much concern regarding the health and nutritional intake of solitary senior citizens. Therefore, this study compared the nutritional intake of senior citizens according to their family type. Methods: In July and August of 2011, two senior citizen welfare centers in Seoul were visited to survey 267 elderly women. Excluding 54 subjects for which the data were incomplete, information from 213 subjects was analyzed. The subjects were divided into three family types, living alone (LA, n = 74), living with spouse (LS, n = 78), and living with children (LC, n = 61). Results: The mean age of the LA group was the highest, while the mean age of the LS group was the lowest (p < 0.001), and WHR of the LC group was the highest (p = 0.049). Income was the highest in the LS group (p < 0.001). Frequency of eating out was the lowest in the LA group (p = 0.031). By Duncan's multiple analysis, the amounts of energy intake, vegetable protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, Vit D, Vit E, $Vit\;B_2$, niacin, $Vit\;B_6$, $Vit\;B_{12}$, and cholesterol were significantly higher in the LS group compared with the LA or LC group (p < 0.05). The intakes of calcium, Vit D, $Vit\;B_{12}$, and cholesterol were still significantly different among the three groups, even after adjustment for age and monthly income. The LA group ate less fruit and fish than the LS or LC group (p < 0.05). The LA group showed the lowest dietary diversity and the LS group showed the highest diversity (p = 0.014), however, the significance of dietary diversity score among the three groups disappeared after adjustment for age and monthly income. Conclusion: Elderly women living with spouse were receiving better nutrition than elderly women living alone or living with children. Therefore, solitary elderly women who do not live with their spouse or children should be offered greater opportunities to receive a balanced meal at a congregational kitchen or welfare center. To ensure their healthy diet, it is essential to provide continuous nutrition education with these groups in mind.

본 연구는 서울 시내 복지관 두 곳을 방문하여 노인들을 대상으로 신체계측과 설문조사, 24시간회상법을 통한 영양섭취 상태를 조사하고 식사의 질을 평가하였다. 여자노인을 독거노인군 (LA군), 부부노인군 (LS군), 자녀동거 노인군 (LC군)으로 세 가지 가구 유형으로 나누어 조사하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 일반적인 특성에서 여자노인의 나이는 LA군이 75세로 가장 높았고 LS군이 70세로 가장 낮았다 (p < 0.001). WHR에서 LC군이 0.91로 0.89인 LA군과 LS군보다 유의하게 높았다 (p = 0.049). 월수입은 LS군이 185만원으로 가장 높았고 LA군이 67만원으로 가장 낮았다 (p < 0.001). 질병유병률에서는 여자노인 80% 정도가 1가지 이상의 질병을 가지고 있었으며, 심혈관계 질환 유병율이 가장 높았다. 2) 식생활과 생활습관면에서 가구유형별로 흡연, 음주, 운동유무, 영양제 섭취에 대한 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) 1일 영양소 섭취량에서 열량, 식물성 단백질, 지질, 칼슘, 인, 칼륨, 셀레늄의 섭취량에서 가구 유형별 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 또한 비타민의 섭취량에서는 비타민 D, 비타민 E, 비타민 B군에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며 (p < 0.05), LA군의 섭취량이 LS군 또는 LC군에 비해 영양소의 섭취량이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 연령과 월 수입을 보정한 후에는 대부분의 영양소 섭취에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 칼슘, 비타민 D, $B_{12}$, 콜레스테롤의 섭취량은 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 영양질적지수(INQ)를 보면 칼슘, 비타민 D, 비타민 $B_2$에서 1 미만의 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 비타민 $B_{12}$의 INQ 값은 연령과 월 수입을 보정한 후에도 세 군간 유의한 차이가 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 4) 에너지 섭취율을 비교한 결과 에너지필요추정량보다 적게 섭취한 대상자가 LA군이 가장 많았다 (p < 0.05). 탄수화물에서는 가구유형별에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었으나 에너지적정비율보다 높게 섭취하는 대상자 분율이 LA군에서 가장 높아서 탄수화물 의존도가 가장 높았다. 지질의 경우 LA군의 50%가 에너지적정비율에 못 미치는 양을 섭취하였고 단백질은 세군 모두 에너지적정비율만큼 섭취하였다. 5) 미량영양소 섭취 상태를 평균필요량과 충분섭취량을 기준으로 비교한 결과, LA군에서 비타민 $B_2$, 나이아신, 비타민 $B_6$, $B_{12}$의 평균필요량과 충분섭취량 미만 섭취 분율이 가장 높았고 LS군에서 가장 낮게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 6) 여자노인의 1일 식품군별 섭취량을 비교한 결과, 과일류, 생선류, 해조류의 섭취량은 연령과 월 수입을 보정한 후에도 가구 유형별 유의한 차이가 나타났으며 (p < 0.05), 과일류는 LS군에서 해조류는 LA군에서 가장 많이 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 7) 노인들의 식품군 점수를 평가한 KDDS를 살펴보면 여자 노인의 경우 다섯가지 주요 식품군이 모두 포함된 식사 (KDDS = 5)를 하는 대상자는 LS군이 가장 많았고, 3가지 이하의 식품군을 섭취하는 식사 (KDDS = 0~3)를 하는 여자 노인은 LC군과 LA군에서 많았다. (p = 0.048). 노인들의 식품군별 섭취패턴을 보면 우유 및 유제품 군을 부족하게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과 식품섭취는 가족 구성에 따라 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었으며, 그러나 월 평균 수입도 여성 노인들의 식품 및 영양섭취에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 독거노인이 부부노인과 자녀동거 노인에 비해 영양소 섭취율이 낮았고 식품군별 다양성 점수가 낮았다. 영양섭취의 취약계층인 독거노인을 위한 영양교육 및 영양지원을 통해 식습관 개선이 필요하다고 여겨진다.

Keywords

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