DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Total Facelift: Forehead Lift, Midface Lift, and Neck Lift

  • Received : 2013.08.17
  • Accepted : 2013.10.02
  • Published : 2015.03.15

Abstract

Patients with thick skin mainly exhibit the aging processes of sagging, whereas patients with thin skin develop wrinkles or volume loss. Asian skin is usually thicker than that of Westerners; and thus, the sagging of skin due to aging, rather than wrinkling, is the chief problem to be addressed in Asians. Asian skin is also relatively large in area and thick, implying that the weight of tissue to be lifted is considerably heavier. These factors account for the difficulties in performing a facelift in Asians. Facelifts can be divided into forehead lift, midface lift, and lower face lift. These can be performed individually or with 2-3 procedures combined.

Keywords

References

  1. Lemperle G, Holmes RE, Cohen SR, et al. A classification of facial wrinkles. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:1735-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200111000-00048
  2. Lovell CR, Smolenski KA, Duance VC, et al. Type I and III collagen content and fibre distribution in normal human skin during ageing. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:419-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04921.x
  3. Branchet MC, Boisnic S, Frances C, et al. Skin thickness changes in normal aging skin. Gerontology 1990;36:28-35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000213172
  4. Kligman LH. Photoaging. Manifestations, prevention, and treatment. Dermatol Clin 1986;4:517-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30815-5
  5. Park DM. Extended SMAS Facelift. J Korean Soc Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007;13:167-74.
  6. Park DM. Full facelift. Korean J Cosmet Dermatol 2009;6:17-27.
  7. Chajchir A, Benzaquen I. Liposuction fat grafts in face wrinkles and hemifacial atrophy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1986;10:115-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575279
  8. Coleman SR. Long-term survival of fat transplants: controlled demonstrations. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1995;19:421-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00453875
  9. Hollander E. Pastische operration: dritische darstellung ihres gegenwartigen standes. In: Klemperer G, Klemperer F, editors. Neue Deutsche Klinik. Vol. 9. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1932. p.1-17.
  10. Mitz V, Peyronie M. The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area. Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;58:80-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197607000-00013
  11. Psillakis JM, Rumley TO, Camargos A. Subperiosteal approach as an improved concept for correction of the aging face. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;82:383-94. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198809000-00001
  12. Hamra ST. The deep-plane rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;86:53-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199007000-00008
  13. Hamra ST. Composite rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;90:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199207000-00001
  14. Stuzin JM, Baker TJ, Gordon HL. The relationship of the superficial and deep facial fascias: relevance to rhytidectomy and aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:441-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199203000-00007
  15. Mendelson BC. Correction of the nasolabial fold: extended SMAS dissection with periosteal fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:822-33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199205000-00007
  16. Tonnard P, Verpaele A, Monstrey S, et al. Minimal access cranial suspension lift: a modified S-lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:2074-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200205000-00046
  17. Rondo Junior W, Vidarte G, Michalany N. Histologic study of the skin with gold thread implantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;97:256-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199601000-00064
  18. Saylan Z. The S-lift: less is more. Aesth Surg J 1999;19:406-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/aq.1999.v19.101748001
  19. Baker DC. Minimal incision rhytidectomy (short scar face lift) with lateral SMASectomy: evolution and application. Aesthet Surg J 2001;21:14-26. https://doi.org/10.1067/maj.2001.113557
  20. Knize DM. A study of the supraorbital nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;96:564-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199509000-00007
  21. Seckel BR. Facial danger zones: avoiding nerve injury in facial plastic surgery. St. Louis, MO: Quality Med Publish; 1994.
  22. Furnas DW. Landmarks for the trunk and the temporofacial division of the facial nerve. Br J Surg 1965;52:694-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800520915
  23. Moss CJ, Mendelson BC, Taylor GI. Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments in the temple and periorbital regions. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:1475-90.
  24. Stuzin JM, Baker TJ, Gordon HL, et al. Extended SMAS dissection as an approach to midface rejuvenation. Clin Plast Surg 1995;22:295-311.
  25. Jost G, Levet Y. Parotid fascia and face lifting: a critical evaluation of the SMAS concept. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;74:42-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198407000-00006
  26. Barton FE Jr. The SMAS and the nasolabial fold. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:1054-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199206000-00009
  27. Freilinger G, Gruber H, Happak W, et al. Surgical anatomy of the mimic muscle system and the facial nerve: importance for reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;80:686-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198711000-00005
  28. Gosain AK. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. Clin Plast Surg 1995;22:241-51.
  29. Alghoul M, Bitik O, McBride J, et al. Relationship of the zygomatic facial nerve to the retaining ligaments of the face: the Sub-SMAS danger zone. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:245e-252e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182789c5c
  30. Roberts TL 3rd, Pozner JN, Ritter E. The RSVP facelift: a highly vascular flap permitting safe, simultaneous, comprehensive facial rejuvenation in one operative setting. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2000;24:313-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002660010054
  31. Feldman JJ. Surgical anatomy of the neck. In: Feldman JJ, editor. Neck lift. St. Louis, MO: Quality Medical Pub; 2006. p.73-152.
  32. Mendelson BC, Freeman ME, Wu W, et al. Surgical anatomy of the lower face: the premasseter space, the jowl, and the labiomandibular fold. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008;32:185-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-007-9060-3
  33. McKinney P, Katrana DJ. Prevention of injury to the great auricular nerve during rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980;66:675-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198011000-00001
  34. Connell BF, Hosn W. Importance of the digastric muscle in cervical contouring: an update. Aesth Surg J 2000;20:12-6.
  35. Connell BF. Male face lift. Aesthet Surg J 2002;22:385-96. https://doi.org/10.1067/maj.2002.128454
  36. Kang JS. Plastic surgery. 3rd ed. Seoul: Koonja Pub.; 2004.
  37. Mowlavi A, Zakhireh M. Avoiding the "pixie-ear" deformity following face lift surgery by differential insetting and secondary intention healing. Aesthet Surg J 2005;25:467-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2005.07.010
  38. Baker DC, Chiu ES. Bedside treatment of early acute rhytidectomy hematomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:2119-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000164680.05487.B5
  39. Adamson PA, Moran ML. Complications of cervical rhytidectomy. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 1993;1:257.
  40. Matarasso A, Elkwood A, Rankin M, et al. National plastic surgery survey: face lift techniques and complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106:1185-95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200010000-00033
  41. Moody FP, Losken A, Bostwick J 3rd, et al. Endoscopic frontal branch neurectomy, corrugator myectomy, and brow lift for forehead asymmetry after facial nerve palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:218-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200107000-00035
  42. Daane SP, Owsley JQ. Incidence of cervical branch injury with "marginal mandibular nerve pseudo-paralysis" in patients undergoing face lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:2414-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000061004.74788.33
  43. Barron R, Margulis A, Icekson M, et al. Iatrogenic parotid sialocele following rhytidectomy: diagnosis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:1782-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200111000-00055
  44. Guerrissi JO. Selective myectomy for postparetic facial synkinesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:459-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199103000-00010
  45. Terzis JK, Karypidis D. Therapeutic strategies in post-facial paralysis synkinesis in adult patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:925e-939e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318230e758
  46. Guyuron B, Rowe DJ, Weinfeld AB, et al. Factors contributing to the facial aging of identical twins. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;123:1321-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819c4d42
  47. Troilius C. Subperiosteal brow lifts without fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;114:1595-603.
  48. Guyuron B, Behmand RA, Green R. Shortening of the long forehead. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:218-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199901000-00036
  49. Mendelson BC, Muzaffar AR, Adams WP Jr. Surgical anatomy of the midcheek and malar mounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:885-96. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200209010-00026
  50. Mendelson BC, Wong CH. Surgical anatomy of the middle premasseter space and its application in sub-SMAS face lift surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;132:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182910b70
  51. Reece EM, Pessa JE, Rohrich RJ. The mandibular septum: anatomical observations of the jowls in aging-implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:1414-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000302462.61624.26
  52. Furnas DW. The retaining ligaments of the cheek. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:11-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198901000-00003
  53. Yousif NJ. Changes of the midface with age. Clin Plast Surg 1995;22:213-26.
  54. Rubin LR, Bromberg BE, Walden RH, et al. An anatomic approach to the obtrusive ear. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 1962;29:360-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-196204000-00008
  55. Loeb R. Earlobe tailoring during facial rhytidoplasties. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;49:485-9.
  56. Ramirez OM, Heller L. The anchor tragal flap: a method of preserving the natural pretragal depression during rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:1115-21. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000179189.87555.ce

Cited by

  1. Development of Facial Rejuvenation Procedures: Thirty Years of Clinical Experience with Face Lifts vol.42, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2015.42.5.521
  2. The influence of age on lip-line cant in adults: a cross-sectional study vol.46, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2016.46.2.81
  3. Use of a controlled subdermal radio frequency thermistor for treating the aging neck: Consensus recommendations vol.19, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/14764172.2017.1343952
  4. Safety and Efficacy of a Trans-Eyelid Facial Rejuvenation Surgery Combining Partial Repositioning of Orbital Fat and Midface Lift in Chinese Patients: A Prospective Case Series vol.128, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489419850845
  5. Early results of bidirectional cone sutures for mid-face lifting in Asian patients vol.4, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.25056/jcm.2020.4.1.12
  6. The Facelift in South American Patients vol.36, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713848
  7. FEATURES OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SKIN OF WHITE RATS 60 AND 90 DAYS AFTER MODELING OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION vol.74, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.36740/wlek202109130