DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Regional Disparities of Suicide Mortality by Gender

성별에 따른 지역 간 자살률 차이 및 영향요인 분석

  • Seo, Eun-Won (Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School) ;
  • Kwak, Jin-Mi (Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School) ;
  • Kim, Da-Yang (Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University Graduate School) ;
  • Lee, Kwang-Soo (Department of Health Administration, Yonsei University College of Health Sciences)
  • 서은원 (연세대학교 대학원 보건행정학과) ;
  • 곽진미 (연세대학교 대학원 보건행정학과) ;
  • 김다양 (연세대학교 대학원 보건행정학과) ;
  • 이광수 (연세대학교 보건과학대학 보건행정학과)
  • Received : 2015.07.30
  • Accepted : 2015.11.03
  • Published : 2015.12.31

Abstract

Background: Suicide is one of important health problems in Korea. Previous studies showed factors associated with suicide in individual levels. However, suicide was influenced by society that individuals belong to, so it was required to analyze suicide in local levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional disparities of suicide mortality by gender and the association between local characteristics and suicide mortality. Methods: This study included 229 city county district administrative districts in Korea. Age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality and age-standardized suicide mortality (male/female) were used as dependent variables. City county district types, socio-demographics (number of divorces per 1,000 population, number of marriages per 1,000 population, and single households), financial variable (financial independence), welfare variable (welfare budget), and health behavior/status (perceived health status scores and EuroQol-5 dimension [EQ-5D]) were used to represent the local characteristics. We used hot-spot analysis to identify the spatial patterns of suicide mortality and negative binomial regression analysis to examine factors affecting suicide mortality. Results: There were differences in distribution of suicide mortality and hot-spot regions of suicide mortality by gender. Negative binomial regression analysis provided that city county district types (city), number of divorces per 1,000 population, financial independence, and EQ-5D had significant influences on the age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality per 100,000. Factor influencing suicide mortality was the number of divorces per 1,000 population in both male and female. Conclusion: Study results provided evidences that suicide mortality among regions was differed by gender. Health policy makers will need to consider gender and local characteristics when making policies for suicides.

Keywords

References

  1. Korea National Statistical Office. Annual report on the cause of death statistics 2013. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2013.
  2. Kim K, Kim JS, Lee B, Lee E, Ahn Y, Choi M. A study about the factors affecting the suicidal thought in Korean elders. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2010;19:391-399. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2010.19.4.391
  3. Kim HS, Kwon LK. Relationship between elderly suicide rates and socio-economic factors in Korea: centering around the trend of changes in 1990-2010. J Korea Contents Assoc 2013;13(6):236-245. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2013.13.06.236
  4. Koo CY, Kim JS, Yu J. A study on factors influencing elders' suicidal ideation: focused on comparison of gender differences. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2014;25(1):24-32. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.24
  5. Kang EJ. Factors related to suicide ideation by age group. Health Welf Policy Forum 2005;107:81-86.
  6. Mo JH, Bae JH. Factors affecting suicidal behavior: focused on comparison gender and age difference. Soc Stud Health 2011;31(2):121-145.
  7. Ra CK, Cho Y. Differentiated effects of social participation components on suicidal ideation across age groups in South Korea. BMC Public Health 2013;13:890. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-890.
  8. Kang SK. Does depression predict suicide?: gender and age difference in the relationship between depression and suicidal attitudes. Korean J Soc Welf Stud 2010;41(2):67-100. https://doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2010.41.2.67
  9. Jeon GS, Lee HY. Impact of marital status on depression and suicidal ideation among Korean adults: focused on the difference by age and sex. Korean J Health Serv Manag 2011;5(3):179-190. https://doi.org/10.12811/kshsm.2011.5.3.179
  10. Sugawara N, Yasui-Furukori N, Sasaki G, Tanaka O, Umeda T, Takahashi I, et al. Gender differences in factors associated with suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms among middle-aged workers in Japan. Ind Health 2013;51(2):202-213. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1354
  11. Park E, Hyun MY, Lee CI, Lee EJ, Hong SC. A study on regional differentials in death caused by suicide in South Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs 2007;37:44-51. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.1.44
  12. Kang EJ. Compositional and contextual factors related to area differentials in suicide. Korean J Health Educ Promot 2013;30(1):41-52. https://doi.org/10.14367/kjhep.2013.30.1.041
  13. Lee SC. Policy efforts are needed to prevent suicide. Daejeon: Chungnam Institute; 2014.
  14. Park SY, Lee KS. The effect of the regional factors on the variation of suicide rates: geographic information system analysis approach. Health Policy Manag 2014;24(2):143-152. https://doi.org/10.4332/KJHPA.2014.24.2.143
  15. Chang SS, Sterne JA, Wheeler BW, Lu TH, Lin JJ, Gunnell D. Geography of suicide in Taiwan: spatial patterning and socioeconomic correlates. Health Place 2011;17:641-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.01.003
  16. Lee MA, Kang JH. Changes in suicide rates and social integration in Korea: a community-level panel data analysis. Popul Assoc Korea 2014;37(2):1-19.
  17. Kim MH, Jung-Choi KH, Jun HJ, Kawachi I. Socioeconomic inequalities in suicidal ideation, parasuicides, and completed suicides in South Korea. Soc Sci Med 2010;70:1254-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.004
  18. Han CS, Jang BH, Lee JY, Ahn JH, Im JH, Yang JW. A study on regional risk factors affecting elderly suicides. Seoul: National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaboration Agency; 2012.
  19. Ngui AN, Apparicio P, Moltchanova E, Vasiliadis HM. Spatial analysis of suicide mortality in Quebec: spatial clustering and area factor correlates. Psychiatry Res 2014;220(1):20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.033
  20. Korea National Statistical Office. Current status and characteristics of single households indicated in Population and Housing Census. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2013.
  21. Rehkopf DH, Buka SL. The association between suicide and the socio-economic characteristics of geographical areas: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2006;36:145-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170500588X
  22. Ha MO, Kim JR, Jeong B, Kang YS, Park KS. Associations of social participation and trust with suicidal ideation and attempt in communities with high mortality. J Agric Med Community Health 2013;38:116-129. https://doi.org/10.5393/JAMCH.2013.38.2.116
  23. EuroQol Group. EuroQol: a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16:199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
  24. Getis A, Ord JK. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr Anal 1992;24(3):189-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
  25. Ord JK, Getis A. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geogr Anal 1995;27(4):286-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x
  26. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis method. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 2002.
  27. Sturman MC. Multiple approaches to analyzing count data in studies of individual differences: the propensity for type I errors, illustrated with the case of absenteeism prediction. Educ Psychol Measur 1999;59(3):414-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131649921969956
  28. Cheong JS, Park HH. A study on the effects of structural covariates on homicide: nationwide analysis using negative binomial regression model. Korean Criminol Rev 2010;21(1):91-116.
  29. Cox DR. Some remarks on overdispersion. Biometrika 1983;70(1):269-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.269
  30. Gurmu S. Tests for detecting overdispersion in the positive poisson regression model. J Bus Econ Stat 1991;9(2):215-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/1391790
  31. Jang EJ, Ann JH, Jung SY, Hwang JS, Lee JY, Shim JI. Methods for the control of measured confounders in outcomes research. Seoul: National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaboration Agency; 2013.
  32. Otsu A, Araki S, Sakai R, Yokoyama K, Scott Voorhees A. Effects of urbanization, economic development, and migration of workers on suicide mortality in Japan. Soc Sci Med 2004;58:1137-1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00285-5
  33. Hirsch JK. A review of the literature on rural suicide: risk and protective factors, incidence, and prevention. Crisis 2006;27(4):189-199. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.4.189
  34. Kim DY. Spatial analysis for forest fire using GIS. Geogr J Korea 2014;48(3): 325-336.
  35. Rossen LM, Khan D, Warner M. Hot spots in mortality from drug poisoning in the United States, 2007-2009. Health Place 2014;26:14-20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.11.005.
  36. Hong SC, Kim MD, Lee SY. Suicide risk in relation to social class: a national register-based study of all suicides in Korea, 1999-2001. Health Soc Sci 2003;13:249-271.
  37. Durkheim E. Suicide. London: Routledge; 1987.
  38. Neumayer E. Socioeconomic factors and suicide rates at large-unit aggregate levels: a comment. Urban Stud 2003;40(13):2769-2776. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000191029
  39. Yoo KW, Noh YH. Determinants of suicide rates: a cross-country panel analysis. Korean Econ Stud 2007;18:59-78.
  40. Park Y, Kim MH, Kown S, Shin YJ. The association between public social expenditure and suicides: evidence from OECD countries. J Prev Med Public Health 2009;42(2):123-129. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.2.123.
  41. Walker JT. County level suicide rates and social integration: urbanicity and its role in the relationship. Sociol Spectr 2008;29(1):101-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170802480568
  42. Ryu JK. Regional differentials in elderly suicide rate: the focusing on effects of family instability, 1995-2005. Korean J Popul Stud 2008;31(2):21-44.
  43. Yoon MS, Choi MM. Effects of welfare and mental health resources on the suicide in community- focused on social welfare infra and mental health infra. J Community Welf 2012;40:213-238.
  44. Park BH. A study on the utilization of the index to measure the fiscal autonomy of local governments. Korea Local Admin Rev 2006;20(1):165-190.
  45. Park E. A comparison of community health status by region and an investigation of related factors using community health indicators. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2012;23:31-39. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.1.31
  46. Goldney RD, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH, Cheok F. Suicidal ideation and health-related quality of life in the community. Med J Aust 2001;175(10):546-549. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143717.x
  47. Min JY, Min KB. Suicide behaviors and health-related quality of life: results from the Korean community health survey of 393.073 adults. J Psychiatry 2015;18(1):214.
  48. Ryu SM, Seong JS, Xu LJ, You SK, Yun HK, An HY, et al. Relationship between mental health status and suicidal thinking among cancer patients. Korean J Rehabil Nurs 2012;15:39-46. https://doi.org/10.7587/kjrehn.2012.39