DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Longitudinal Exploratory Study on Change Research Trends and Patterns of Children's Problem Behaviors for Their Temperament and Parenting Behaviors -Focured on the Category and Content Analysis of Chronological Problem Behaviors from 1970 to 2015-

유아의 기질과 부모의 양육 행동 관련 유아의 문제행동 변화 연구 추이 및 유형에 대한 종단적 탐색 연구 -1970~2015년까지의 연대별 문제행동 범주와 내용분석을 중심으로-

  • 김정겸 (충남대학교 교육학과) ;
  • 강영식 (충남대학교 교육학과 교육대학원 유아교육전공)
  • Received : 2015.08.10
  • Accepted : 2015.10.08
  • Published : 2015.10.31

Abstract

This study is intended to look for implications through longitudinal exploratory research on the change of children's problem behaviors for their temperament and parenting behaviors. The results are as follows. The factors influencing children's problem behaviors rose to 62 factors between 1990 and 2000, and 93 factors between 2000 and 2010 from total 41 factors between 1970 and 1990, which they were more than doubled after the 2000s compared with the earlier studies, subdividing children's problem behaviors. The proportion of the factors influencing children's problem behaviors showed that parents' moral thinking had the highest, and their negative thinking or emotion for children were higher than their moral thinking, which their problem behaviors were more greatly affected by parenting attitudes toward them than their own temperament or attitudes. The earlier studies were more likely to find the cause of children's problem behaviors for looking into the factors and causes influencing children's problem behaviors in terms of children's personal mental health, but there was more proportion of social environment, peer and teacher relationship while soaring family, relationship, home environment and child care center environment factors as well as children's personal factors after the 2000s. Consequently, the alternative resources or the environments of the times should be applied in other ways.

본 연구는 유아의 기질과 부모의 양육행동과 관련하여 유아의 문제행동변화를 종단적 탐색연구를 통해 그 시사점을 모색하고자 연구하였는데 결과를 보면 1970~1990년도 전체 41개 요인에서 1990~2000년대 62개요인 2000~2010년에 93개 요인으로 나타내 초기 연구에 비해 관련 영향요인이 2000년대 이후 두 배 이상 증가된 것으로 나타내 그만큼 세분화되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 관련요인의 비중에 있어서도 부모의 도덕적 사고관이 가장 높고 그리고 유아에 대한 부정적 사고나 정서가 더 높아 유아자신의 기질이나 태도보다 부모의 유아에 대한 양육 태도에 따른 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유아의 문제행동 영향요인과 원인 규명에 있어 초기연구들은 유아 개인에 정신 건강적 측면에서 문제행동의 원인을 찾으려는 경향이 높았으나 2000년대 이후 들어 유아 개인뿐만 아니라 가족, 관계, 가정환경, 어린이집 이용환경이 급격히 증가하면서 사회적 환경과 또래, 교사관계 등의 비중이 높아져 이에 따른 대체 자원 또한 시대적 환경에 따라 달리 적용되어야 할 것을 시사한 것으로 평가할 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. S.H. Lee, I.S, Ko, M.J, Kim, "A Study that Related Variables to Effect Preschoolers' Problems Behavior", Early childhood education Journal,Vol.13 No.1, pp. 163-181, 2009.
  2. I.S. Ko, A Study for development and validation of Teacher's Behavior Checklists. MS Thesis Hanyang University, 2008.
  3. Ross, A. S. 1971. Effect of increased responsibility on bystander intervention: The presence of children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 306-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0031459
  4. T.H.Jeong, G.J. Park. According to the type of infant learning behavior, Self-regulation, cognitive styles, behavior problems of infants and Mother's parenting beliefs, learning support actions. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 32(1), 87-101.2011 https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2011.32.1.87
  5. T. M. Achenbach, C. Edelbrock, Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry, 1983.
  6. Y. Kim, study on the relationship of the child's temperament and psychological variables within the familial environment to behavior problems. Ph.D. Dissertation Kyonggi University, 2007.
  7. S.H. Nam, Y.H, Kim, "Mother's Psychological Factors and Young Children's Internalizing Externalizing Malbehaviors Abstract", Family and Environment Research, Vol.152, pp.199-213, 2000.
  8. I.S. Ko, J.S. Lee, "Effect of Preschools' problem behavior by Social competence and Emotive intelligence ",Journal of Korean Child Psychotherapy, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp.93-111, 2006.
  9. K.S. Kim, The cognition of teachers and strategies of teachers regarding an children's behavior problem. MS Thesis Ewha Womnes' University, 2008.
  10. E.Y. Song, "A Type and Evaluation of Children's Problem Behavior", Kongju Communication Arts College Research, Vol. 6, pp. 137-157, 1999.
  11. I.S. Ko, Child Counseling and Therapy. Seoul: Dongmunsa, 2009.
  12. H.J. Hwang, A Study on the Improvement of the First Grade Kindergarten Teachers' Qualification Training. MS Thesis KonKuk University,1994.
  13. Kick(1964) K. E. Allen, B.M. Hart, J. S.Buell,, F. R.Harris, M. M. Wolf, "Effect of social reinforcementon the isolate behavior of a nursery school", child Development,Vol.35, pp.511-513,1964,
  14. R.L.Ebel.Encyclopedia of Educational Research. Fourth edition. New York: The Macmillan Comapny, 1969.
  15. H. C.Quay, J. S.Werry, Psychopathological disorders of childhood. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1972
  16. Y.W. Seo, "An Analysis of the causes in the child behavioral problems and the teachning medthods", Chinju National University of Education Research, 1979.
  17. K.J. Hong, Study on the development of behavior profile for the elementary school children in Korea. Ph.D. Dissertation Ewha University, 1986
  18. M.J.Jeong, "The children's behavior problems", Korean Association of Child studies, 1988.
  19. T. M. Achenbach, C. Edelbrock, Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and Teacher Version of the Child Behavior Profile, Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, 1986.
  20. S.J. Lee, The Research on the Teacher's Stress toward problem behaviors of young children. MS Thesis Dankook University, 2007.
  21. J. M. Kauffman, Introduction: Historical trends and contemporary issues in special education in the United States. In J. M. Kauffman & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.). Handbook of special education (pp. 3-23). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
  22. Y.H. Seong, A Study on the Impact of Parents' Social Support Networks on Children's Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation Ewha University,1993.
  23. A.J.Yu, M.H.Han, "The Validation of the Child Behavior Checklist", Korean Association of Child studies,1995.
  24. Achenbach(1991) T. M.Achenbach, Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. Weitz et al., 1991.
  25. Y.M. Kim, Children's behavior problems which parents and teachers perceived. MS Thesis Sookmyung Women's University, 1996.
  26. E.Y. Song, M.J. Lee, "Child's behavioral problem and Parenting Attitudes", Kongju Communication Arts College Research, Vol.8, pp.153-177, 2001.
  27. H.J.Hwang, "The Development of Tests for Use by Parents and Teachers in the Diagnosis of Preschool Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems", Korean journal of early childhood education,Vol.25 No.2, pp.235-258, 2005.
  28. K.J.Kwon, The study of mother's psychological control and children's behavior problems. MS Thesis Hanyang University, 2008.
  29. A.P.Barron, F.Earls, "The relation of temperament and social factors to behaviour problems in three-year-old children",Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol.25 No.1, pp. 23-33, 1984. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb01716.x
  30. A. Caspi,T.E. Moffitt, D.L. Newman,P.A. Silva, "Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders", Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol.53, pp.1033-1039, 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110071009
  31. B.Nelson, R.P.Martin, S.Hodge, V.Havill,R.Kamphaus, "Modeling the prediction of elementary school adjustment from preschool temperament",Personality and Individual Differences, Vol.26 No.4, pp.687-700, 1999. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00174-3
  32. A.Thomas, S. Chess, H.G. Birch, Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University Press, 1968
  33. T. D. Nelson, "The hierarchical organization of behavior: A useful feedback model of self-regulation", Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol.2 No.4, pp.121-126, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772604
  34. R. L.Hughes,M.Clode,R. H. T. Edwards,T. J. Goodwin, N. L.Jones, "Effect of inspired O2 on cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to exercise in man", J. Appl. Physiol, Vol. 24, pp. 336-347, 1968. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1968.24.3.336
  35. P. Slee, "The relation of temperament and other factors to children's kindergarten adjustment", Child Psychiatry and Human Development, Vol.17 No.2, pp.104-112, 1986. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706649
  36. J.T. Kim, Relationship between trait anxiety and social performance. MS Thesis Korea University, 1978.
  37. M.H. Kim, Relationship between a child's behavior problem in kindergarten and the goodness of fit between the child's behavior problem and two factor : mother's satisfaction with her child's temperament and the degree of similarity in temperament between a mother and her child. MS Thesis Ewha Womans University, 1998.
  38. J.H. Park, "Effects of Early Temperament and Peer Relationships on Later Behaviorla Problems and Academic Performances: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis", Korea Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol.18 No.3, pp. 41-57, 2004.
  39. C. C.Raver, E. F. Zigler, "Social competence: An untapped dimension in evaluating Head Start's success", Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Vol.12, pp.363-385, 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(97)90017-X
  40. Y.Kim, T.S.Han, H.J.Hwnag, "Study on the Relative Effects of Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Ability and Temperament on the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Preschool Children", Ealry Childhood Education Research, Vol. 24 No.6, pp. 277-299, 2004.
  41. K.Aunola,J.E.Nurmi, "The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior", Child Development, Vol. 76, pp. 1144-1159, 2005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00840.x-i1
  42. E.M.Cummings, P.Davies, Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution. New York: Guilford Press, 1994.
  43. K.J.Lee, H.S.Shin, "Types of Parental Abuse and Maladjustmental Behaviors Experienced by Adolescents", Family and Environment Research, Vol.36 No.8, pp.39-50, 1998.
  44. S.H.Kim, K.Y.Kim, "The Causal Relationship of Children's Behavior Problem and the Related Variables", Korean Home Management Association, Vol.17 No.1, pp. 155-166,1999.
  45. J.A.Park, K.S.Lee, E.K.Shin, "Moderating effects of mothers' parenting behaviors on the relationship between temperament of clinical preschoolers and their dysfunctional emotion regulation", Korean Psychological Association, Vol.27 No.2, pp.523-545, 2008.
  46. B.Weiss, K.A. Dodge, J.E. Bates,G.S. Pettit, "Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and maladaptive social information processing style", Child Development, 53, 1321-1325, 1992. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131558
  47. S.B.Campbell,E.W. Pierce, G. Moore, S.Marakowitz, K. Newby, "Boys'externalising problems at elementary school:Pathways from early behaviour problems, maternal control and family stress", Development and psychopathology, Vol.8, pp. 701-720,1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007379
  48. G. W. Evans, K.English, "The environment of poverty: Multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment", Child Development, Vol.73, pp.1238-1248, 2002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00469
  49. H.S. Jang, A Study on Development and Problem Action of Childhood of Low Income Families and Average Family. MS Kyonggi University, 2010.
  50. M.H. Ahn, "Maternal insecure adult attachment and child behavior problem", Korean Psychological Association, Vol.29 No.4, pp.867-885, 2010.
  51. W.K. Kim, The Relationship between Maternal Anxiety and Preschoolers' Anxiety/Depression and Externalizing Behavior-the Moderating Effect of Preschoolers' Attachment Security-. MS Thesis Ewha Womans University, 2012.
  52. H.S. Yu, Effects of mother's separation anxiety and Mothers' Rearing Attitude child's adjustment to child care facility. MS Thesis Wooseok University, 2006.
  53. C.S. Lee, E.J.Hyun, "Relationships Among Children's Temperament, Social Competence, Emotional Intelligence, Morality, Parents' Child Rearing Attitudes and Children's Behavior Problems", Korean Association of Child Studies, Vol.29 No.3, pp.223-238, 2008.
  54. E. N. Jouriles, C. Murphy, A. Farris, D. Smith, J.E.Richters, E.Waters, "Marital adjustment, parental disagreements about child rearing, and behavior problems in boys: Increasing the specificity of the marital assessment", Child Development, Vol.62, pp.1424-1433, 1991. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130816
  55. S.J.Kim, (A) study on the influences of the stressors from school on problem behavior in middle school and high school students : focusing on the stress coping strategies. MS Thesis Yeonsei University, 2002.
  56. S.H.Jeong, Relationship among the Mothers' Temperaments, Parental Behaviors and children's behavior problems. MS Thesis Ajou University, 2011.
  57. Y.S.Gong, The effect of preschooler's temperament and maternal parenting attitude on preschooler's problem and prosocial behavior-Focusing on the mediating effect of executive function-. Ph.D. Dissertation Kyungpook National University, 2012.
  58. S.H.Ahn, The Influence on Child's Problem Behavior by Parent's Rearing-Attitude and Child's Temperament. MS Thesis Daegu University, 2011.
  59. M.H.Han, The Relation of Stress and Perceived Social Support to Problem Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation Seoul National University,1996.
  60. H.S.Cho, S.I.Seo, "Research Papers : Relation between maternal and teacher's perceptions of behavioral problems of children",Journal of Ealry Childhood Education, Vol.8, pp.165-181, 1998.
  61. H.S. Hwang, H.J. Hwang, "The Effects of Cognitive Ability on Emotional and Behavioural Problems Among Preschoolers", Family and Environment Research, Vol.39 No.3, pp.25-34,2001.
  62. L.Behar, S.Strigfield, Manual for the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. Durham, NC: Behar, 1974.
  63. M.H.Kang, Y.J.Kang, H.R.Park, Child Problems and Behavior Modification. Seoul: Yang Seo Won Publishing Company, 1997.
  64. Association for Research on Future Preschool Education, Wrong old habits die hard. Seoul: Dongmunsa, 1994.
  65. Y.J.Ahn, S.S.Lee, Early Childhood Guidance. Seoul : Samkwang Publishing Company, 1998.
  66. J. C.Anderson, S.Williams, R. McGee,P. A.Silva, "DSM-111 disorders in preadolescent children: Prevalence in a large sample from the general population", Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol.44, pp.69-76, 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130081010
  67. M. Rutter, J.Tizard, K.Whitmore, Education, health and behaviour. London: Longmans, 1970.
  68. K.J.Oh, H.R.Lee, K.E. Hong, E.H.Ha, K-CBCL for Outpatient Children. Seoul:Chungangjeokseong Publishing Company, 1997.
  69. S.H.Lee, The relationship between marital conflict parent-child relation, and child behavior problems. MS Thesis Sookmyung Womne's University, 2003.
  70. J.H. Kim, PET study of brain glucose metabolism in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ph.D. Dissertation Pusan National University, 2007.
  71. H.F.Burks, Burks' behavior rating scales: manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Service,1977.
  72. J. McGuire, N.Richman, Pre-school BehaviourChecklist. PBCL.Handbook, NFER-Nelson, 1988.
  73. J.Kauffman, Characteristics of emotional and behavior disorders of children and youth(6th ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1997.
  74. M.J.Lee, Study on the Breeding Attitude of Mother and the Trouble Action of Infant. MS Kyonggi University, 2000.
  75. H.J.Kang, "An effect of 'Integrating Education Program' on infants' attitude of accepting their disabled peers according to genders", Journal of Psychology and Behavior, Vol.1 No.2, pp.71-85, 2009.
  76. K.S.Lee, E.J.Shim, Y.J.Jeon, J.A.Park, "The Characteristics of Behavior Problem among Young Children in Korea", The Korean Journal of Developmental psycology, Vol.17 No.4, pp.53-73, 2004.
  77. C.R. Reynolds, R.W.Kamphaus, Behavior assessment system for children (BASC). Circle Pines: American Guidance Services. in press, 1992.
  78. K.J.Oh, E.E.Kim, R.M.Do, Y.K.E, "Exploration of Risk Factors and Protective Factors = Poverty and Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents", The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol.24 No.1, pp.53-71, 2005.
  79. H.S.Lee, Psychological analysis of trust and perception of Korean society among Korean adolescents. MS Thesis Inha University, 2004.
  80. Y.H.Shin, J.Y.Yoon, S.B.Lee, "A Study on Executive Function and Problem Behavior Type for a Children with Maladjustment Behaviors in School Environment and General Children", Special Education & Rehabitation Science Research, Vol.49 no.1, pp.197-213 2010.
  81. Weitz et al., 1988, J. I.Weitz, M. K. Cruickshank, B.Thong, B. Leslie, M. N. Levine,J. Ginsberg, T. Eckhardt, "Elastase-mediated fibrinogenolysis by chemoattractant-stimulated neutrophils occurs in the presence of physiologic concentrations of antiproteinases", J. Clin. Invest, Vol. 82, pp.1700-170, 1988. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI113783
  82. D.S.Kim, S.H.Min, "The Effect of Low Self-Control Upon Crime and Delinquency ", Korean Institute of Criminology, 1996.
  83. H.T.Won, "Stress and Coping Strategies", Mental Health Research, Vol.10, pp.37-50, 1991.
  84. Y.M.Jeong, D.S.Kim, "The relationship between communication with parents of vocational girls' high school students and their problem behaviors ", Family and Environment Research, Vol.36 No.3, pp.34-45, 1998.
  85. J.H.Kim, S.H.Kim, "Family Environment and Juvenile Delinquency", Korean Institute of Criminology, 1995.
  86. S.H.Ko, "A Study on Mothers' Perception of Parenting Stress", Korea Youth Research, Vol.18,pp. 21-37, 1994.
  87. G. M.Barnes, M. P.Farrel, " Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors", Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol.54, pp.763-776, 1992. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353159
  88. J.H.Kim, S.H.Noh, "A Study on the Impact of School on Juvenile Delinquenc", Korean Institute of Criminology, 1993.
  89. Y.H.Ha, "The Effect of Individual and Environmental Variables on Children's Problem Behavior", Childhood Studies, Vol.24 No.4, pp.29-40, 2003.
  90. N.Rae-Grant, B. H.Thomas, D. R.Offord, M. H. Boyle, "Risk, protective factors, and the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents", Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol.28, pp.262-268, 1989. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198903000-00019
  91. H.J.Baek, H.J.Hwang, "The effects of parents-related variables and self-related variables on children's emotional and behavioral problems ", Korean Psychological Association, Vol.19 No.3, pp.1-27, 2006.
  92. Y.J.Lee, The Effect of Maternal Emotion-Related Socialization Behavior on Preschooler's Prosocial and Problem behavior: Focusing on The Moderating Effect of Preschooler's Effortful Control. MS Thesis Kyungpook National University,2014.
  93. Y.B.Jeong, Developmental Psychology. Seoul:Hakjisa, 2004.
  94. K.S.Choi, Y.A.Park, Child Development. Seoul:Changjisa, 2005.
  95. M.J.Song, The Effects of Story Making Activities on Young Children's Story Construction and Attitude toward Reading of Young Children.. MS Thesis Hankuk Univeristy of Foreign Studies, 2003.
  96. J.S.Lee, H.K.Kim, Clinical Psychology of Problem Children. Seoul: Kyomunsa, 1990.
  97. J.S.Lee, Rearing attitudes of parents and Conflict of adolescent children. Ph.D. Dissertation Hanyang University, 1991.
  98. J.Y.Kim, H.S.Do, M.J.Kim, "Problem Behavior of Preschool Children: The Influence of Marital Conflict and of Children's Temperament and Emotion Regulation", Childhood Studies, Vol.29 No.5, pp. 133-150, 2008.
  99. S.K.Woo, "The Effects of Gender, Temperament, Social Competences and Self-Control on Young Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems", Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, Vol.14 No.4,pp. 427-451, 2007.
  100. Y.Kim, T.S.Han, H.J.Hwang, "Study on the Relative Effects of Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Ability and Temperament on the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Preschool Children", Early Childhood Education Research, Vol.24 No.6, pp. 277-299, 2004.
  101. C.S.Lee, C.H.Lee, "A Structural Sample of the Effects of Parent's raring attitude, Temperament, Social Competence on Young Children's Problem Behavior ", Early Childhood Education Researc, Vol.13 No.5, pp.27-44, 2009.
  102. H.S.Min, Y.K.Moon, "Effects of parenting stress and mother's psychological maladjustment on preschooler's problem behaviors ", Korean Association of Human Ecology, 2008.
  103. H.S.Do, M.J.Kim, M.K.Choi,S.W.Kim, S.J.Cho, "The Effects of Marital Conflict and Mothers' Anger and Depression on the Behavioral Problems of Preschoolers", Childhood Studies, Vol.33 No.2, pp.145-164, 2012.
  104. Y.H.Noh, J.H.Kang, "The Objective and Perceived Level of Economy and Its Relationship with Mother's Mental Health, Parenting Behaviors, and Problem Behaviors in Preschoolers", Korean Psychological Association of Culture and Social Issues, Vol.17 No.3, pp.343-364, 2011.
  105. J. E.Bates,G. S.Pettit, K. A.Dodge, Family and child factors in stability and change in children's aggressiveness in elementary school. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 124-138). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  106. S.H.Lee et al., Contemporary Family Welfare. Seoul:Yangsewon, 2000.
  107. S.A.Hong, A Study on Lower Income Bracket Children and General Children of Abused Experience and Aggression. MS Thesis Jeonju Univerisity, 2002.
  108. J.H.Shin, The Moderating Effect of Self-Esteem, Self-control and the Environment Variables about the problem behavior of children in low-income family. MS Thesis Sookmyung Women's University, 2008.
  109. B.Egeland, E.A.Farber, "Infant-mother attachment:Factors related to its development and changes over time", Child Development, Vol.55, pp.753-771, 1984. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130127
  110. R.McGee,P.A. Silva,S. Williams, "Behaviour problems in a population of seven-yearold children: Prevalence, stability and types of disorder-A research report", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol.25, pp.251-259, 1984. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb00147.x
  111. D.J.Rutter, J.M.Krager, "A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students", Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 260, pp.2256-2258,1988. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.15.2256
  112. E.Jouriles, J.Barling, K. O'Leary, "Predicting child behavior problems in maritally violent families", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol.55, pp.155-173, 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00916346
  113. Sampson과 Laub(1994) R.J.Sampson, J.H. Laub, "Urban poverty and the family context of delinquency: A new look at structure and process in a classic study", Child Development, Vol.65, pp.523?540, 1994. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131400
  114. Downey & Coyne(1990) G.Downey, J.C.Coyne, "Children of depressed parents: An integrative review", Psychological Bulletin, Vol.108, pp.50-76, 1990. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.1.50
  115. C.Hammen, "Cognitive, life stress and interpersonal approaches to a developmental psychopathology model of depression", Development and Psychopathology, Vol.4, pp.189-206, 1992. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005630
  116. S.H.Kwak, Path Model Analysis of the Maternal Childhood Attachment, Emotions, Parenting Behaviors and Children's Behavioral Problems. Ph.D. Dissertation Sungkyun Kwan University, 2005.
  117. H.J.Song, The effects of mother's childhood mother-child relationship and mother's personality on current mother-child relationship. Ph.D. Dissertation Sookmyung Women's University, 2007.
  118. B. K.Barber, "Cultural, family, and personal predictors of parent-adolescent conflict". Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 56, pp.375-386, 1994. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353106
  119. L.E. Kelly, Conley, "Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction", Journal of PersonalilY and Social PsychologJ, Vol.52, pp. 27-40, 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.27
  120. P.M.Bentler, M. D.Newcomb, "Longitudinal study of marital success and failure", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol.46, pp.1053-1070, 1978. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.1053
  121. R. J. Gelles, The Violent Home. Newbury Park:Sage, 1987.
  122. N.Long,E.Slater, R.Forehand, R.Fauber, "Continued high or reduced inter parental conflict following divorce: Relation to young adolescent adjustment", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol.56, pp.467-469,1988. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.3.467
  123. Y.H.Kwon, K.J.Park, "The role of mother parenting in socialization of prosocial behavior", Journal of Human Ecology, Vol.11, pp.91-101, 1997.
  124. M.S.Kim, A Study about the Relationship between Maternal Parenting Attitude, Early Childhood Temperament, Emotional Intelligence and Sociality. Ph.D. Dissertation Mokpo national Unviersity, 2008.
  125. S.A.Kim, Effect of Mother's Child Rearing Behavior on Young Children's Social Competence : With Emphasis on Mediating Effect of Father's Parenting Participation. MS Thesis Incheon National University, 2001.
  126. J.H.Kim, K.J. Park, "effects of maternal parenting behaviors, children's social information processing, daily hassles, emotional regulation on children's aggression : a structural equation modeling analysis", Childhood Studies, Vol.27 No.3, pp. 149-168, 2006.
  127. J.Y.Park, S.D.Kang, K.S.Kwon, "The Relations among Children's Temperament and Peer Competence, Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes, and The Children's Behavioral Problems", Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, Vol.17 No.4, pp.139-162, 2010.
  128. H.M.Park, The relationship among the parenting of mothers, their preschool children's stress and problem behavior and their relative influence. MS Thesis Ewah Woman's University, 2010.
  129. W.Y.Lee, Relationship of Mother's Educational View and Child-rearing Attitudes to Child Development. Ph.D. Dissertation Ewah womans University, 1983.
  130. C.S.Lee, K.Y.Kim, "A Study of Young Children's Internal and External Problem Behavior Related Factors ", Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, Vol.15 No.2, pp. 161-184, 2008.
  131. Y.A.Jang, Y.J. Lee, "A Study of Prosocial Behaviors of Preschool Children, and Parenting Behaviors and Parenting Involvement of Mother and Father", Journal of Korean Living Science Association, Vol.18, No.3, pp.619-629, 2009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2009.18.3.619
  132. H.S.Jeon, study of relationship between mother's child-rearing attitude and child's prosocial behavior motivation. MS Thesis Cheonan University, 2001.
  133. O.J, Cho, Effects of Mother's Emotional Child Abuse and Neglect and of Child's Capacity for Self-Regulation on Child's Depressive Tendencies(DT). MS Thesis Inha University, 2004.
  134. E.S.Jang, relation between adult attachment and parenting behaviors, parenting stress : The mediation effects of basic psychological needs satisfaction. MS Thesis The Chatholic University of Korea, 2012.
  135. H.J.Lee, A Case Study on the Individually Tailored Teaching Considering Learming Style for Mathematics Underachievers. MS Thesis Seoul National University of Education, 2012.
  136. K.A, Crnic, M.T. Greenberg. "Minor parenting stresses in young children", Child Development. Vol.61, pp.1628-1637, 1990. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130770
  137. H.M.Park, Study of Parental stress based on the parention of young children. MS Thesis Ewha women's University, 1994.
  138. S.J. Seo, Effects of parenting education program for preventing emotional abuse in clinical and risk group. Ph.D. Dissertation Ewah womans University, 2001.
  139. S.J.Seo, T.R.Kim, K.S.Lee, E.J.Shin, "Effect of Preventive Parenting Program for Mother-Infant Secure Attachment", Korean Woman's Psychological Association, Vol.12 No.1,pp. 21-42, 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2007.12.1.002
  140. E.S.Moon, M.H.Kim, "The Relationship between Mothers' Attitudes toward Their Children's Expressiveness, Teacher-Child Relationship and Problematic Behavior", Eco-early Childhood Education Studies, Vol.10 No.2, pp. 60-62, 2011.
  141. Y.M. Oh, 1998. The Effects of Mother's Child-Rearing Attitudes on Young Children's Emotional Intelligence. MS Thesis Jeju University, 1997.
  142. A.J.Yu, Y.J.Kim, Parent Education. Seoul:Jeongminsa, 1987.
  143. W.S.Jeong, Human being and Education. Seoul:Baeyoungsa, 1975.
  144. E.E. Maccoby, Social development; psycholgical growth and the parent-child relationship. New York; Harcourt Brace Jdvanovich,Inc, 1980.
  145. S. W.Stinson, "Design for arts in education. Dance Education in Early Childhood", Vol.91 No.6, pp. 34-41, 1990.
  146. B.L.Barber, J.S.Eccles, "Long-term influences of divorce and single-parenting on adolescent family-and work-related values, beliefs and aspirations", Psychological Bulletin, Vol.3, pp.106-126,1992.
  147. E.H.Park, A Study of the Measurement and Validation for the Identification of Mother's Expectation. Ph.D. Dissertation Sookmyeong Woman's Univeristy, 2004.
  148. Y.J.Ryu, Moderating Effects of Ego-Resilience and Social Support in Relations among Academic Achievement Pressure. MS Thesis Jeonnam University, 1995.
  149. S.E.Park, study on development plan of the educational autonomy system of Korea. MS Thesis Kyonggi University, 2004.
  150. E.K.Jang, E.H.Park, H.J.Kim, "The Expectations of Mothers and Teachers Regarding Development of Three-Year-old Children",Family and Environment Research,Vol.36 No.4, pp.137-146, 1998.
  151. W.J.Jeong, Toward an Integrative Approach t the Study of Children's Stress-Stressor, Coping behavior and Symptom-. Ph.D. Dissertation Konkuk Univeristy,1997.
  152. M.S.Jeong, E.M.Ko, "The Relationship Between the Expectations of Teachers and Parents and Basic Learning Performances of the Children", Journal of Korean Council for children's right, Vol.11 No.3, pp. 497-514, 2007.
  153. Becker, 1964; G.Becker, Human Capital, 2nd edn. Columbia University Press, New York, 1964.
  154. J.H.Lee, relationship between a child's loneliness and self-esteem, peer competence, his/her mother's rearing attitude. Ph.D. Dissertation Ewha woman's University, 2011.
  155. K.H.Kim, A Study on the Influence of Mother's Parental Attitude and Infants' Temperament upon the Development of Infants' Sociality. MS Thesis Chung-Ang Univeristy, 2006.
  156. Baldwin (1945) A.L.Baldwin,J.Kalhorn,F. Breese, Patterns of parent behavior. psychological monographs, Vol.58 No.3, 1945.
  157. C. H.Hart,L. D.Newell,S. F.Olsen, Parenting skills and social/communicative competence in childhood. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbookof communication and social interaction skills (pp. 753-797). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003.
  158. S.K.Yeom, Y.M.Lee, "Study of Maternal Rearing Variables Related to Internalizing Syndromes of Children", Journal of Korean Play Therapy, Vol.2 No.1, 1-12, 1999.
  159. G.Parker, P.Lipscombe, "In?uences on maternal overprotection", British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 138, pp.303-311, 1981. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.138.4.303
  160. L. M.Culp, S. R.Beach, "Marital discord, dysphoria and thoughts of divorce: examining the moderating role of self-esteem", Paper presented to the 27th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.367
  161. R. P.Rohner, A.Khaleque,M. N. Riaz,U. Khan, S. Sadeque,, & Laukkala, H. (2005). Agreement between children's and mothers' perceptions of maternal acceptance and rejection: A comparative study of Finland and Pakistan. Ethos, 33, 299-334. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.299
  162. M.S. Lee, H. M. Kim, in the Perspective of the 21th Century, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, Vol.2 No.1, pp.1-10, Jun. 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/AJMAHS.2012.06.03
  163. Haewon Byeon, "The Factors that Affects the Experience of Discrimination in Children in Multi-cultural Families Using QUEST Algorithm : Focusing on Korean language Education", Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, Vol.4 No.2, pp.303-312, Dec. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/AJMAHS.2014.12.12