DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A study on grid aspect ratio of fire dynamics simulator

FDS의 격자 종횡비에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Won Ouk (Korea Institute of Maritime and Fisheries Technology) ;
  • Park, Woe-Chul (Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Pukyong National University)
  • Received : 2015.09.14
  • Accepted : 2015.11.10
  • Published : 2015.11.30

Abstract

The FDS is one of the most used programs for fire analysis and needs an optimal grid selection for an accurate analysis. This study selected various grid aspect ratios (ARs) for selection of optimal grid and analyzed them with FDS v 6.1.2. A calculation time of 10 min. was used, which is enough to obtain the time average value of temperature changes. Temperature, visibility, and the time average value of mass balance are obtained from 200-600 s, which is a period of maintaining quasi-steady state. Two polyurethane fires of 1 [MW] and 2 [MW] in two enclosures of $10{\times}10{\times}3[m^3]$ and $20{\times}20{\times}3[m^3]$ were considered. Time variations of heat release rates, temperature, visibility, and mass balance were compared for ARs from 1-6. The heat release rates were accurate for all aspect ratios regardless of fire and enclosure sizes. The quasi-steady state temperature and visibility were well predicted for $AR{\leq}5$. Temperature drop and skewness of mass conservation, however, increased with increasing aspect ratio. Therefore, careful investigation of the grid size is recommended in performance-based design when $AR{\geq}3$, where temperature and visibility in early stage of a fire are important parameters. For accurate simulations of enclosure fires, grid sizes of 0.1~0.2 [m] and smaller in the vertical direction and $AR{\leq}2$ are recommended.

FDS는 화재분석에 가장 많이 사용되는 프로그램 중 하나로 정확한 분석을 위하여 적정격자 선정이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 적정격자 선정을 위하여 다양한 격자 종횡비(AR)를 선정하여 FDS v 6.1.2로 분석하였다. 계산시간은 온도 등의 변화로부터 시간평균값을 구하는데 충분히 긴 10분으로 설정하였다. 그리고 온도와 가시거리, 질량수지의 시간평균값은 준정상상태를 유지하는 200~600초 구간의 값으로부터 구하였다. 그 결과 $10{\times}10{\times}3[m^3]$$20{\times}20{\times}3[m^3]$의 두 공간에 각각 1 [MW]와 2 [MW]의 폴리우레탄 화재가 발생했을 때 종횡비 1~6에 대한 열방출률과 온도, 가시거리, 질량수지를 비교하였다. 열방출률은 종횡비와 공간의 크기 및 화재규모에 무관하게 정확함을 확인하였다. 또 $AR{\leq}5$에서는 준정상상태의 온도와 가시거리가 잘 예측되었다. 그러나 종횡비의 증가에 따라 온도의 감소폭이 증가하였고, 질량보존의 만족도가 떨어졌다. 따라서 화재 초기의 온도와 가시거리가 중요한 요소인 성능위주설계에서 $AR{\geq}3$인 경우에는 격자크기에 대한 세심한 검토가 필요함을 확인하였다. 높은 정확도가 요구되는 구획화재 시뮬레이션에는 수직방향 격자크기 0.1~0.2 [m] 이하와 종횡비 2 이하의 격자크기가 바람직함을 알 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. C. W. Chiu, C. C. Wang, and C. H. Chen, "Evaluation of Downward Desmoke System in a Cleanroom", International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 155-173, 2005.
  2. H. Y. Kim, D. H. Rie and J. Y. Kim, ""Fire risk assesment for subway station according to supply and exhaust conditions", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 62-69, 2008.
  3. K. McGrattan, S. Hositikka, R. McDermott, J. Floyd, C. Weinschenk, and K. Overholt, Fire Dynamics Simulator User's Guide, NIST SP 1019, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2014.
  4. W. O. Kim, J. S. Kim, and W. C. Park, "Improvement of citadel structure on board ship using FDS", Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 306-311, 2015 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2015.39.3.306
  5. W. O. Kim, J. S. Kim, and W. C. Park, "A study on the improvement of survival rate of the passengers and crews according to FDS analysis", Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 312-317, 2015 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2015.39.3.312
  6. W. O. Kim, Y. M. Chae, and C. J. Kim, "A study on the optimum capacity of citadel", Journal of Navigation and Port Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 21-26, 2015 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5394/KINPR.2012.36.1.21
  7. W. C. Park, "Selection of grid size in fire simulation for large scale buildings by using FDS", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 67-72, 2012 (in Korean).
  8. Y. J. Lee, K. C. Ko, and W. C. Park, "A study on performance-based design enforcement", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 68-73, 2011 (in Korean).
  9. K. McGrattan, S. Hositikka, R. McDermott, J. Floyd, C. Weinschenk, and K. Overholt, Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide, NIST SP 1018-1, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2014.