Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회지)

Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Alkalinity and Hardness on the Chlorophyll-α Concentration

알칼리도와 경도가 클로로필-α 농도에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Sungok (Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Hag Seong (Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University)
  • 김성옥 (충북대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 김학성 (충북대학교 환경공학과)
  • Received : 2013.11.12
  • Accepted : 2014.01.03
  • Published : 2014.01.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study is done to prove the premise that both alkalinity and hardness affect on the dissolved phosphorus concentration so that the growth of algae is also affected in water bodies like rivers and lakes. Statistical analysis of the water quality data of 13 reservoirs collected for the last decade shows the relations between alkalinity and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ and between hardness and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ are not linear but follow second order equation. This relation seems to be due to two antagonistic effects accompanying a simultaneous increase in alkalinity and hardness. The increase stimulates the growth of algae by supplying carbonates and $Ca^{2+}$ to algae and at same time it causes a decrease in soluble phosphorus which retards algae to grow. These opposing tendencies are confirmed by theoretical calculations with the MINTEQ model. There seems to be ranges of alkalinity and hardness that are in favor of algae growth; the ranges are less than 44 mg/L as $CaCO_3$ in alkalinity and also less than 63 mg/L as $CaCO_3$ in hardness. This finding will provide a solid base to develop an effective water quality management of water bodies.

Keywords

References

  1. Allison, J. D., Brown, D. S., and Novo-Gradac, K. J. (1991). MINTEQA2/ PRODEFA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems : Version 3.0 User's Manual, EPA/600/3-91/021.
  2. Baird, C. (1995). Environmental Chemistry, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, p. 341.
  3. Brewer, P. G. and Goldman, J. C. (1976). Alkalinity Changes Generated by Phytoplankton Growth, Limnology and Oceanography, 21, pp. 108-117. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1976.21.1.0108
  4. Cotruvo J. and Bartram J. (eds.). (2009). Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking-Water : Public Health Significance, Geneva, World Health Organization, ISBN 978 92 4156355 0 (NLM classification: QV 276.
  5. Helmenstine, A. M. (2007). Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust, http://chemistry.about.com/od/geochemistry/a/Chemical-Composition-Of-The-Earths-Crust.htm
  6. Helper, P. K. (2005). Calcium: A central Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, Plant Cell, 17, pp. 2142-2155. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.032508
  7. House, W. A. (1999). The Physico-chemical Conditions for the Precipitation of Phosphate with Calcium, Environmental Technology, 20, pp. 727-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332008616867
  8. Kim, H. S. and Jeong, Y. T. (2008). Explanation of the Effect of Limestone on the Dissolution of a Phosphate with the Visual MINTEQ Model, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 24(3), pp. 285-290. [Korean Literature]
  9. Kim, H. S. and Park, J. (2008). Effects of Limestone on the Dissolution of Phosphate from Sediments Under Anaerobic Condition, Environmental Technology, 29, pp. 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330801984571
  10. Koutsopoulst, S. (2001). Kinetic Study on the Crystal Growth of Hydroxyapatite, Langmuir, 17, pp. 8092-8097. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0107906
  11. Manahan, S. E. (1993). Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 378-379.
  12. McKee, T. (2003). Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, pp. 419-422.
  13. Neal, C. (2001). The Precipitation for Phosphorus Pollution Remediation by Calcite Precipitation in UK Freshwaters, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 5, pp. 119-131. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-119-2001
  14. Pu, R. and Robinson, K. R. (1998). Cytoplasmic Calcium Gradients and Calmodulin in the Early Development of the Fucoid Alga, Pelvetia compressa, Journal of Cell Science, 111, pp. 3197-3207.
  15. Sawyer, C. N., McCarthy, P. L., and Parkin G. F. (2003). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, McGraw-Hill Co., Boston, p. 123.
  16. Simon, E. W. (1978). The Symptoms of Calcium Deficiency in Plants, New Phytologist, 80, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb02259.x
  17. Stumm W. and Morgan J. J. (1996). Aquatic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 363-407.
  18. Talling, J. F. (1976). The Depletion of Carbon Dioxide from Lake Water by Phytoplankton, Journal of Ecology, 64, pp. 79-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/2258685
  19. Tucker, M. R. (1999). Essential Plant Nutrients: Their Presence in North Carolina Soils and Role in Plant Nutrition, http://carteret.ces. ncsu.edu/files/library/16/2%20Essential%20Plant%20Nutrients.pdf
  20. Williamson, R. E. and Ashley, C. C. (1982). Free $Ca^{2+}$ and Cytoplasmic Streaming in the Alga Chara, Nature, 296, pp. 647-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/296647a0

Cited by

  1. Selection of Chemicals for the Dissolved Phosphorus Control by Variations of Alkalinity and Hardness vol.30, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.2.206