Relationships between Chronotypes and Temperament and Character Dimensions in Healthy Young Adults

젊은 성인에서 일주기유형과 기질 및 성격의 관련성

  • Park, Chun Il (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kang, Jee In (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Namkoong, Kee (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Se Joo (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
  • 박천일 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 강지인 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 남궁기 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 김세주 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2014.06.02
  • Accepted : 2014.07.01
  • Published : 2014.08.28

Abstract

Objectives Circadian rhythms have been known to have associations with psychiatric disorders and personality traits. The present study investigated the relationships between circadian typology and temperaments/characters in a non-clinical Korean population. Methods Two hundred six healthy Korean college students (male 109, female 97) participated in this study. The subjects completed the Composite Scale of Morningness for circadian typology and 140-item Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short version (TCI-RS). Results Multivariate analyses of covariance showed a significant association between chronotypes and temperamental dimensions of the TCI-RS. Morning types were significantly associated with lower harm avoidance and higher persistence and self-directedness dimensions, compared to evening types and intermediate types. No interaction effects between sex and chronotypes were shown for temperamental dimensions. Conclusions The present findings suggest that high persistence and self-directedness characters are related to morning types and high harm avoidance temperament is more related to evening types.

Keywords

References

  1. Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 1976;4:97-110.
  2. Jewett ME, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. Light-induced suppression of endogenous circadian amplitude in humans. Nature 1991;350:59-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/350059a0
  3. Wehr TA. The durations of human melatonin secretion and sleep respond to changes in daylength (photoperiod). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1276-1280. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-73-6-1276
  4. Liu X, Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Kim K, Kudo Y, Tagaya H, et al. Diurnal preference, sleep habits, circadian sleep propensity and melatonin rhythm in healthy human subjects. Neurosci Lett 2000;280:199-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00793-X
  5. Merikanto I, Lahti T, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Vartiainen E, et al. Evening types are prone to depression. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:719-725. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.784770
  6. Prat G, Adan A. Relationships among circadian typology, psychological symptoms, and sensation seeking. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:942-949. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.790044
  7. Preckel F, Lipnevich AA, Boehme K, Brandner L, Georgi K, Konen T, et al. Morningness-eveningness and educational outcomes: the lark has an advantage over the owl at high school. Br J Educ Psychol 2013;83(Pt 1):114-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02059.x
  8. Paine SJ, Gander PH, Travier N. The epidemiology of morningness/ eveningness: influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30-49 years). J Biol Rhythms 2006;21:68-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730405283154
  9. Eysenck HJ. Assessment of personality. Br Med Bull 1949;6:16-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a073463
  10. Blake MJ. Relationship between circadian rhythm of body temperature and introversion-extraversion. Nature 1967;215:896-897. https://doi.org/10.1038/215896a0
  11. Horne JA, Ostberg O. Individual differences in human circadian rhythms. Biol Psychol 1977;5:179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(77)90001-1
  12. Hogben AL, Ellis J, Archer SN, von Schantz M. Conscientiousness is a predictor of diurnal preference. Chronobiol Int 2007;24:1249-1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520701791596
  13. Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Natale V. Relationship between circadian typology and big five personality domains. Chronobiol Int 2009;26:337-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520902750995
  14. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:975-990. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
  15. Suhara T, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Yamamoto M, Inoue M, Okubo Y, et al. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroimage 2001;13:891-895.
  16. Peirson AR, Heuchert JW, Thomala L, Berk M, Plein H, Cloninger CR. Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res 1999;89:29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00079-7
  17. Youn T, Lyoo IK, Kim JK, Park HJ, Ha KS, Lee DS, et al. Relationship between personality trait and regional cerebral glucose metabolism assessed with positron emission tomography. Biol Psychol 2002;60:109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00047-9
  18. Cloninger CR. Temperament and personality. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4:266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90083-3
  19. Loftus ST, Garno JL, Jaeger J, Malhotra AK. Temperament and character dimensions in bipolar I disorder: a comparison to healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:1131-1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.005
  20. Gurpegui M, Jurado D, Fernández-Molina MC, Moreno-Abril O, Luna JD, Alarcón RD. Personality profiles and minor affective psychopathology in a non-clinical sample: an empirical verification of Cloninger's theoretical model. J Affect Disord 2009;119:34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.006
  21. Wilson S, van Loo S, Geuens T, Claes SJ. [Personality traits of patients who have recovered completely from depression]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2010;52:9-16.
  22. Jankowski KS. The role of temperament in the relationship between morningness-eveningness and mood. Chronobiol Int 2014;31:114-122. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.829845
  23. Caci H, Robert P, Boyer P. Novelty seekers and impulsive subjects are low in morningness. Eur Psychiatry 2004;19:79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.09.007
  24. Adan A, Lachica J, Caci H, Natale V. Circadian typology and temperament and character personality dimensions. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:181-193. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420520903398559
  25. Kim S, Duekera GL, Hasher L, Goldstein D. Children's time of day preference: age, gender and ethnic differences. Pers Individ Dif 2002; 33:1083-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00214-8
  26. Miettunen J, Lauronen E, Kantojarvi L, Veijola J, Joukamaa M. Intercorrelations between Cloninger's temperament dimensions-- a metaanalysis. Psychiatry Res 2008;160:106-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.003
  27. Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K. Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J Appl Psychol 1989;74:728-738. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728
  28. Yoon JS, Shin SM, Kook SH, Lee HY. A preliminary study on the Korean Translation of Composite Scale (KtCS) to measure morningness: eveningness. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1997;36:122-134.
  29. Goth K, Cloninger CR, Schmeck K. Das Temperament und Charakter Inventar Kurzversion fur Erwachsene - TCI R Kurz. Frankfurt: Klinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters der J.W. Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt;2003.
  30. Min BB, Oh HS, Lee JY. The Temperament and Character Inventory. Seoul: Maumsarang;2007.
  31. Hansenne M, Ansseau M. Harm avoidance and serotonin. Biol Psychol 1999;51:77-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00018-6
  32. Mandelli L, Mazza M, Di Nicola M, Zaninotto L, Harnic D, Catalano V, et al. Role of substance abuse comorbidity and personality on the outcome of depression in bipolar disorder: harm avoidance influences medium-term treatment outcome. Psychopathology 2012;45:174-178. https://doi.org/10.1159/000330364
  33. Phan KL, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Personality predictors of antiaggressive response to fluoxetine: inverse association with neuroticism and harm avoidance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;26:278-283. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0b013e32834978ac
  34. Smith DJ, Duffy L, Stewart ME, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. High harm avoidance and low self-directedness in euthymic young adults with recurrent, early-onset depression. J Affect Disord 2005;87:83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.014
  35. Diaz-Morales JF, Sanchez-Lopez P. Morningness-eveningness and anxiety among adults: a matter of sex/gender? Pers Individ Dif 2008;44:1391-1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.007
  36. Lemoine P, Zawieja P, Ohayon MM. Associations between morningness/ eveningness and psychopathology: an epidemiological survey in three in-patient psychiatric clinics. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1095-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.001
  37. Lee S, Park JE, Cho SJ, Cho IH, Lee YJ, Kim SJ. Association between morningness-eveningness and temperament and character in community-dwelling Korean adults. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2014;6:77-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00214.x
  38. Kim JW, Lee HK, Lee K. Influence of temperament and character on resilience. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54:1105-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.005
  39. Marchesi C, Cantoni A, Fonto S, Giannelli MR, Maggini C. The effect of temperament and character on response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;114: 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00772.x