Journal of the Korean earth science society (한국지구과학회지)

The Korean Earth Science Society (한국지구과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Use of Multivariate Statistical Approaches for Decoding Chemical Evolution of Groundwater near Underground Storage Caverns

다변량통계기법을 이용한 지하저장시설 주변의 지하수질 변동에 관한 연구

  • Lee, Jeonghoon (Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University)
  • 이정훈 (이화여자대학교 과학교육과)
  • Received : 2014.06.16
  • Accepted : 2014.07.25
  • Published : 2014.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Multivariate statistical analyses have been extensively applied to hydrochemical measurements to analyze and interpret the data. This study examines anthropogenic factors obtained from applications of correspondence analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to a hydrogeochemical data set. The goal was to synthesize the hydrogeochemical information using these multivariate statistical techniques by incorporating hydrogeochemical speciation results calculated by the program, commonly used, WATEQ4F included in the NETPATH. The selected case study was LPG underground storage caverns, which is located in the southeastern Korea. The highly alkaline groundwaters at this study area are an analogue for the repository system. High pH, speciation of Al and possible precipitation of calcite characterize these groundwaters. Available groundwater quality monitoring data were used to confirm these statistical models. The present study focused on understanding the hydrogeochemical attributes and establishing the changes of phase when two anthropogenic effects (i.e., disinfection activity and cement pore water) in the study area have been introduced. Comparisons made between two statistical results presented and the findings of previous investigations highlight the descriptive capabilities of PCA using calculated saturation index and CA as exploratory tools in hydrogeochemical research.

다변량통계기법은 수리지구화학 자료의 분석 및 해석에 많이 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서 대응분석과 주성분분석을 동시에 사용하여 인위적인 활동에 의한 지하수의 특징을 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 목적은 NETPATH 프로그램 속의 WATEQ4F를 이용하여 지하수 화학성분의 분화를 계산하고 이를 다변량통계기법을 이용하여 지구화학적인 정보를 추출하는 것이다. 연구지역은 한반도의 남동쪽에 위치한 울산의 LPG 저장시설이다. 본 연구지역에서는 다른 저장시설에서 관찰되는 초염기성의 조성을 가지는 지하수가 관찰되었다. 이러한 인위적인 영향에 의한 높은 pH를 가지는 지하수로 인해 Al의 분화특징과 탄산염의 침전을 유발할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 연구지역에 지하수에 영향을 주는 두 인위적인 요소(세정작용와 시멘트영향)에 의해서 수리지구화학적인 특징과 상이 어떻게 변하는 가에 초점을 두었다. 이전 연구결과와 두 통계분석을 통해 제시된 결과를 비교하여 지구화학적인 정보를 이용한 주성분분석과 대응분석인 수리지구화학 연구에서 기초연구로 활용될 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baker, J.P. and Schofield, C.L., 1982, Aluminum toxicity to fish in acidic waters. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 18, 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02419419
  2. Cates, D.A., Knox, R.C., and Sabatini, D.A., 1996, The impact of ion exchange processes on subsurface brine transport as observed on piper diagrams. Ground Water, 34, 532-544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02035.x
  3. Chadha, D.K., 1999, A proposed new diagram for geochemical classification of natural waters and interpretation of chemical data. Hydrogeology Journal, 7, 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050216
  4. David, J.C., 1973, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. John Wiley and Sons, Incoporated, New York, USA, 550 p.
  5. Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., and Greenberg, A.E., 1995, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, USA, 1100 p.
  6. Geostock, 1985, Yugong LPG storage project in Ulsan final reconnaissance report. Geostock, Paris, France, 55 p.
  7. Geostock, 1992, Ulsan LPG storage cavern Yugong gas hydrogeological monitoring. Geostock, Paris, France, 68 p.
  8. Gimenez, E. and Morell, I., 1997, Hydrogeochemical analysis of salinization processes in the coastal aquifer of Oropesa (Castellon, Spain). Environmental Geology, 29, 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050110
  9. Jeong, Y.-K., 2012, Cluster analysis of the 1000-hPa height field around the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Korean Earth Science Society, 33, 337-349. https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2012.33.4.337
  10. Jobson, J.D., 1992, Applied multivariate data analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 731 p.
  11. Join, J.L., Coudray, J., and Longworth, K., 1997, Using principal components analysis and Na/Cl ratios to trace groundwater circulation in a volcanic islands: The example of Reunion. Journal of Hydrology, 190, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03070-3
  12. Khan, S., Chen, H.F., and Rana, T., 2008, Optimizing ground water observation networks in irrigation areas using principal component analysis. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 28, 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2008.00204.x
  13. Kim, T., Lee, K.-K., Ko, K.-K., and Chang, H.W., 2000, Groundwater flow system inferred from hydraulic stresses and heads at an underground LPG storage cavern site. Journal of Hydrology, 236, 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00284-5
  14. Ko, K.-S., Lee, J., Lee, K.-K., and Chang, H.-W., 2010, Multivariate statistical analysis for groundwater mixing ratios around underground storage caverns in Korea. Carbonates and Evaporites, 25, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-009-0004-7
  15. Ko, K.-S., Chang, H.W., Lee, K.-K., and Kim, T., 2002. Factors affecting the groundwater system around an underground LPG storage cavern. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeolgy, 35, 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/2000-23
  16. Kwon, B.D. and Kim, C., 1997, Application of multivariate statisitical analysis technique in landfill investigation. Journal of Korean Earth Science Society, 18, 515-521.
  17. Laaksoharju, M., Skarman, C., and Skarman, E., 1999, Multivariate mixing and mass balance (M3) calculations, a new tool for decoding hydrogeochemical information. Applied Geochemistry, 14, 861-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00024-4
  18. Langmuir, D., 1997, Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 600 p.
  19. Lee, J., Ko, K.-S., Kim, J.-M., and Chang, H.-W., 2008, Multivariate statistical analysis of underground gas storage caverns on groundwater chemistry in Korea. Hydrological Processes, 22, 3410-3417. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6921
  20. Lee, J., Jung, B., Kim, J.-M., Ko, K.-S., and Chang, H.-W., 2011, Determination of groundwater flow regimes in underground storage caverns using tritium and helium isotopes. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63, 763-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0747-4
  21. Lindblom, U., 1989, The performance of water curtains surroundings rock caverns used for gas storage. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 26, 85-97.
  22. Mumford, K., MacGregor, J.F., Dickson, S.E., and Frappa, R.H., 2007, Multivariate analysis of groundwater and soil data from a waste disposal site. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 27, 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00127.x
  23. Park, Y.D. and Yoon, H.D., 1968, Geologic map of Korea (Bangeojin sheet 1:50,000). Geological Survey of Korea.
  24. Perkins, R.B. and Palmer, C.D., 2000, Solubility of $Ca_6[Al(OH)_6]_2(CrO_4)_3{\cdot}26H_2O$, the chromate analog of ettringite; 5-$75^{\circ}C$. Applied Geochemistry, 15, 1203-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00109-2
  25. Plummer, L.N., Jones, B.F., and Truesdell, A.H., 1976, WATEQF; A FORTRAN IV Version of WATEQ: A computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters. U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report, 76-13, 66 p.
  26. Seip, H.M., Mller, L., and Naas, A., 1984, Aluminum speciation: Comparison of two spectrophotometric analytical methods and observed concentrations in some acidic aquatic systems in southern Norway. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 23, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185133
  27. Smellie, J.A.T., 1998, MAQARIN natural analogue study: Phase III. Technical Report TR-98-04, Stockholm, Sweden, 350 p.
  28. Stetzenbach, K.J., Farnham, I.M., Hodge, V.F., and Johannesson, K.H., 1999, Using multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater major cation and trace element concentrations to evaluate groundwater flow in a regional aquifer. Hydrological Processes, 13, 2655-2673. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19991215)13:17<2655::AID-HYP840>3.0.CO;2-4
  29. Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J., 1996, Aquatic chemistry. Wiley, NY, USA, 1040 p.
  30. Valenchon, F., 1982, The use of correspondence analysis in geochemistry. Mathematical Geology, 14, 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032594