References
- IAEA, International Status and Prospects of Nuclear Power, 2008.
- IAEA, Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options, IAEA-TECDOC-1587, 2008.
- Willit, J. L., Miller, W. E. and Battles, J. E., "Electrorefining of Uranium and Plutonium-A Literature Review," J. Nucl. Mater., 195, 229-249(1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(92)90515-M
- Laidler, J. J., Battles, J. E., Miller, W. E. and Ackerman, J. P. and Carls, E. L., "Development of Pyroprocessing Technology," Prog. Nucl. Energy., 31, 131-140(1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-1970(96)00007-8
- Benedict, R. W. and McFarlane, H. F., "EBR-II Spent Fuel Treatment Demonstration Project Status," Radwaste Magazine., 5, 23 (1998).
- Karell, E. J. and Gourishankar, K. V., "Separation of Actinides from LWR Spent Fuel Using Molten Salt Based Electrochemical Process," Nucl. Tech., 136, 342-353(2001).
- Konings, J., Serp. R. J. M., Malmbeck, R., Rebizant, J., Scheppler, C. and Glatz, J.-P., "Electrochemical Behavior of Plutonium ion in LiCl-KCl Eutectic Melts," J. Electroanal. Chem., 561, 143-148 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.07.027
- Goff, K. M., Benedict, R. W., Howden, K. L., Teske, G. M. and Johnson, T. A., "Pyrochemical Treatment of Spent Nuclear Fuel," Proc. of Global 2005, Tsukuba, Japan, October 9-13(2005).
- Inoue, T. and Koch, L., "Development of Pyroprocessing and Its Future Direction," Nucl. Eng. Technol., 40, 183-190(2008). https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2008.40.3.183
-
Simpson, M. F. and Herrmann, S. D., "Modeling the Pyrochemical Reduction of Spent
$UO_2$ Fuel in a Pilot-Scale Reactor," Nucl. Technol., 162, 179-183(2008). - Yoo, J.-H., Seo, C.-S., Kim, E.-H. and Lee, H., "A Conceptual Study of Pyroprocessing for Recovering Actinides," Nucl. Eng. Technol., 40, 581-592(2008). https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2008.40.7.581
- Kitawaki, S., Shinozaki, T., Fukushima, M., Usami, T., Yahagi, N. and Kurata, M., "Recovery of U-Pu Alloy from MOX Using Pyroprocess Series," Nucl. Technol., 162, 118-123(2008).
- Koyama, T., Sakamura, Y., Ogata, T. and Kobayashi, H., "Pyroprocess and Metal Fuel Development for Closing Actinide Fuel Cycle with Reduced Waste Burden," Proc. Of Global 2009, Paris, France, September 6-11(2009).
- Murakami, T., Uozumi, K., Sakamura, Y., Iizuka, M., Ohta, H., Ogata, T. and Koyama, T., "Recent Achievements and Remaining Challenges on Pyrochemical Reprocessing in CRIEPI," Proc. Of the First ACSEPT International Workshop Lisbon, Portugal, March 31-April 2(2010).
- Song, K.-C., Lee, H., Hur, J.-M., Kim, J.-G., Ahn, D.-H. and Cho, Y.-Z., "Status of Pyroprocessing Technology Development in Korea," Nucl. Eng. Technol., 42, 131-144(2010). https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2010.42.2.131
- Inoue, T., Koyama, T. and Arai, Y., "State of the Art of Pyroprocessing Technology in Japan," Energy Procedia., 7, 405-413(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.053
- Nagarajan, K., Prabhakara Reddy, B., Ghosh, S., Ravisankar, G., Mohandas, K. S., Kamachi Mudali, U., Kutty, K. V. G., Kasi Viswanathan, K. V., Anand Babu, C., Kalyanasundaram, P., Vasudeva Rao, P. R. and Raj, B., "Development of Pyrochemical Reprocessing for Spent Metal Fuels," Energy Procedia., 7, 405-413(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.053
- Goff, K. M., Wass, J. C., Marsden, K. C. and Teske, G. M., "Electrochemical Reprocessing of Used Nuclear Fuel," Nucl. Eng. Technol., 43, 335-342(2011). https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2011.43.4.335
- Lee, H., Park, G.-I., Kang, K.-H., Hur, J.-M., Kim, J.-G., Ahn, D.-H., Cho, Y.-Z. and Kim, E. H., "Pyroprocessing Technology Development at KAERI," Nucl. Eng. Technol., 43, 317-328(2011). https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2011.43.4.317
- Chen, G. Z., Fray, D. J. and Farthing, T. W., "Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide to Titanium in Molten Calcium Chloride," Nature., 407, 361-364(2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35030069
-
Yasuda, K., Nohira, T., Hagiwara, R. and Ogata, Y. H. "Direct Electrolytic Reduction of Solid
$SiO_2$ in Molten$CaCl_2$ for the Production of Solar Grade Silicon," Electrochim. Acta, 53, 106-110(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.024 -
Jeong, S. M., Jung, J. Y., Seo, C. S. and Park, S. W., "Characteristics of An Electrochemical Reduction of
$Ta_2O_5$ for the Preparation of Metallic Tantalum in a$LiCl-Li_2O$ Molten Salt," J. Alloy Compd., 440, 210-215(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.139 -
Wang, S. I., Haarberg, G. M. and Kvalheim, E., "Electrochemical Behavior of Dissolved
$Fe_2O_3$ in Molten$CaCl_2-KF$ ," J. Iron Steel Res., 16, 48-51(2008). - Gibilaro, M., Pivato, J., Cassayre, L., Massot, L., Chamelot, L. P. and Taxil, P., "Direct Electroreduction of Oxides in Molten Fluoride Salts," Electrochim. Acta., 56, 5410-5415(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.109
- Wang, D., Qiu, G., Jin, X., Hu, X. and Chen, G. Z., "Electrochemical Metallization of Solid Terbium Oxide," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 2384-2388(2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200503571
-
Yan, X. Y. and Fray, D. J., "Production of Niobium Powder by Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Solid
$Nb_2O_5$ in a Eutectic$CaCl_2$ -NaCl Melt," Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 33, 685-693(2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-002-0021-6 -
Xu, Q., Deng, L.-Q., Wu, Y. and Ma, T., "A Study of Cathode Improvement for Electro-deoxidation of
$Nb_2O_5$ in a Eutectic$CaCl_2$ -NaCl Melt at 1073K," J. Alloy Compd., 396, 288-294(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.01.002 -
Jeong, S. M., Yoo, H. Y., Hur, J.-M. and Seo, C.-S., "Preparation of Metallic Niobium from Niobium Pentoxide by An Indirect Electrochemical Reduction in a LiCl-
$Li_2O$ Molten Salt," J. Alloy Compd., 452, 27-31(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.057 - Chen, G. Z., Gordo, E. and Fray, D. J., "Direct Electrolytic Preparation of Chromium Powder," Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 35, 223-233(2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0024-6
- Gordo, E., Chen, G. Z. and Fray, D. J., "Toward Optimisation of Electrolytic Reduction of Solid Chromium Oxide to Chromium Powder in Molten Chloride Salts," Electrochim. Acta., 49, 2195-2208(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.045
- Claux, B., Serp, J. and Fouletier, J., "Electrochemical Reduction of Cerium Oxide Into Metal," Electrochim. Acta., 56, 2771-2780 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.040
- Abdelkader, A. M., Tripuraneni Kilby, K., Cox, A. and Fray, D. J., "DC Voltammetry of Electro-deoxidation of Solid Oxides," Chem. Rev., 113, 2863-2886(2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200305x
- Wang, D., Jina, X. and Chen, G. Z., "Solid State Reactions: An Electrochemical Approach in Molten Salts," Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. C, 104, 189-234(2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/b703904m
-
Hur, J.-M., Seo, C. S., Hong, S. S., Kang, D. S. and Park, S. W., "Metallization of
$U_3O_8$ Via Catalytic Electrochemical Reduction with$Li_2O$ in LiCl Molten Salt," React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 80, 217(2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:REAC.0000006128.15961.1d -
Jeong, S. M., Park, S.-B., Hong, S.-S., Seo, C.-S. and Park, S.-W., "Electrolytic Production of Metallic Uranium from
$U_3O_8$ in a 20 kgbatch Scale Reactor," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 268, 349-356 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0172-z -
Park, S. B., Park, B. H., Jeong, S. M., Hur, J. M., Seo, C.-S., Choi, S.-H. and Park, S. W., "Characteristics of An Integrated Cathode Assembly for the Electrolytic Reduction of Uranium Oxide in a LiCl-
$Li_2O$ Molten Salt," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 268, 489-495(2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0196-4 - Hur, J.-M., Kim, T.-J., Choi, I.-K., Do, J. B., Hong, S.-S. and Seo, C.-S., "Chemical Behavior of Fission Products in the Petrochemical Process," Nucl. Technol., 162, 192-198(2008).
-
Sakamura, Y., Kurata, M. and Inoue, T., "Electrochemical Reduction of
$UO_2$ in Molten$CaCl_2$ or LiCl," J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, D31-D39(2006). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2160430 - Sakamura, Y., Omori, T. and Inoue, T., "Application of Electrochemical Reduction to Produce Metal Fuel Material From Actinide Oxides," Nucl. Technol., 162, 169-178(2008).
- Herrmann, S. D., Li, S. X., Simpson, M. F. and Phongikarroon, S., "Electrolytic Reduction of Spent Nuclear Oxide Fuel as Part of an Integral Process to Separate and Recover Actinides from Fission Product," Sep. Sci. Technol., 41, 1965-1983(2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390600745602
- Herrmann, S. D., Li, S. X. and Simpson, M. F., "Electrolytic Reduction of Spent Light Water Reactor Fuel: Bench-scale Experiment Results," J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 44, 361-367(2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2007.9711295
- Herrmann, S. D. and Li, S. X., "Separation and Recovery of Uranium Metal From Spent Light Water Reactor Fuel Via Electrolytic Reduction and Electrorefining," Nucl. Tech., 171, 247-265(2010).
- Choi, E.-Y., Lee, J. W., Park, J. J., Hur, J.-M., Kim, J.-K., Jung, K. Y. and Jeong, S. M., "Electrochemical Reduction Behavior of a Highly Porous SIMFUEL Particle in a LiCl Molten Salt," Chem. Eng. J., 207-208, 514-520(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.161
-
Choi, E.-Y., Kim, J.-K., Im, H.-S., Choi, I.-K., Na, S.-H., Lee, J. W., Jeong, S. M. and Hur, J.-M., "Effect of the
$UO_2$ form on the Electrochemical Reduction Rate in a LiCl-$Li_2O$ Molten Salt," J. Nucl. Mater., 437, 178-187(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.306 -
Choi, E.-Y., Won, C. Y., Cha, J.-S., Park, W., Im, H.-S., Hong, S. S. and Hur, J.-M., "Electrochemical Reduction of
$UO_2$ in LiCl-$Li_2O$ Molten Salt Using Porous and Nonporous Anode Shrouds," J. Nucl. Mater., 444, 261-269(2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.061 - Choi, E.-Y., Hur, J.-M., Choi, I.-K., Kwon, S. G., Kang, D.-S., Hong, S. S., Shin, H.-S., Yoo, M. A. and Jeong, S. M., "Electrochemical Reduciton of Porous 17 kg Uranium Oxide Pellets by Selection of an Optimal Cathode/anode Surface Area Ratio," J. Nucl. Mater., 418, 87-92(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.08.001
Cited by
- Alloy by an Electrochemical Reduction in Molten LiCl vol.53, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.2.145
- LiCl 용융염에서 NiO를 혼합한 희토류 산화물의 파이로 전해환원 특성 vol.55, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2017.55.3.379