DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Risk Assessment of Agricultural Worker's Exposure to Fungicide Thiophanate-methyl during Treatment in Green Pepper, Cucumber and Apple Fields

고추, 오이 및 사과 재배 중 살균제 Thiophanate-methyl 살포 시 농작업자의 노출 및 위해 평가

  • Choi, Hoon (Food Contaminants Divisions, Food Safety Evaluation Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Han (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2013.07.18
  • Accepted : 2013.09.30
  • Published : 2014.03.31

Abstract

The present study was carried out to assess exposure and risk to thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for agricultural worker during mixing/loading and application with power sprayer in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields. Dermal exposure was measured with patches, gloves, socks and masks, while inhalation exposure was evaluated with personal air pump and solid sorbent. Those methods were full validated before experiment. During mixing/loading, dermal exposure amount in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $24.0{\pm}6.7$, $4.5{\pm}1.5$ and $18.5{\pm}0.6mg$, corresponding to mean 0.007, 0.001 and 0.005% of prepared active ingredient, respectively. The major exposed part for mixer/loader was hands (78-92%). Dermal exposure amount for applicator in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $84.9{\pm}14.0$, $34.0{\pm}20.8$ and $30.7{\pm}9.1mg$, corresponding to mean 0.024, 0.016 and 0.013% of applied active ingredient, respectively. The main body parts of exposure in apple field were hands, while thighs and shins in other fields. Inhalation exposure amount in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $1.5{\pm}2.2$, $52.7{\pm}48.9$ and $4.0{\pm}4.9{\mu}g$ during mixing/loading and $0.2{\pm}0.1$, $23.2{\pm}12.4$ and $0.4{\pm}0.6{\mu}g$ for applicator, respectively. These results were suggested that main factors affecting dermal exposure were contact frequency to the plants, foliage density, hygienic behavior, work type, and working environment, while inhalation exposure was affected mainly by working environment, especially wind. In risk assessment, margin of safety for thiophanate-methyl in all cases was over 1. However, during application in green pepper field, margin of safety was close to 1.

본 연구에서는 고추, 오이 및 사과 포장에서 thiophanate-methyl 수화제 살포액 조제 시와 동력분무기를 통한 농약 살포 시 농작업자의 노출 및 위해 평가를 수행하였다. 패치, 장갑, 양말, 마스크를 통한 피부노출 측정법과 공기펌프와 고체흡착관을 이용한 호흡노출 측정법을 사용하였으며, 시험 전에 유효성을 모두 검증하였다. 살포액 조제 시, 피부 노출량은 $24.0{\pm}6.7mg$ (고추), $4.5{\pm}1.5mg$ (오이) 및 $18.5{\pm}0.6mg$ (사과)이었으며, 조제액 농약 유효함량 대비 평균 피부 노출수준은 0.007% (고추), 0.001% (오이) 및 0.005% (사과)수준이었다. 조제 시 주요 노출부위는 손으로 전체노출의 78-92%이었다. 농약살포 시, 작업자의 노출량은 $84.9{\pm}14.0mg$ (고추), $34.0{\pm}20.8mg$ (오이) 및 $30.7{\pm}9.1mg$ (사과)으로, 살포된 유효성분 함량 대비 평균 노출비율은 0.024% (고추), 0.016% (오이) 및 0.013% (사과)이었다. 사과포장에서 작업자의 주요 노출부위는 손이었지만 나머지 포장의 경우 주로 허벅지와 정강이에서 노출이 발생하였다. 호흡노출량은 살포액 조제 시 $1.5{\pm}2.2{\mu}g$ (고추), $52.7{\pm}48.9{\mu}g$ (오이) 및 $4.0{\pm}4.9{\mu}g$ (사과)이었던 반면, 농약살포 시 $0.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}g$ (고추), $23.2{\pm}12.4{\mu}g$ (오이) 및 $0.4{\pm}0.6{\mu}g$ (사과)이었다. 피부노출을 결정하는 주요 요인이 작물과의 접촉빈도, 잎 밀도, 살포 습관, 작업 형태, 작업 환경인 반면, 호흡노출의 경우 작업 환경, 특히 바람으로 판단되었다. 위해 평가 결과, 모든 경우에서 안전역이 1이상으로 위해 가능성은 낮았지만, 고추포장에서 농약을 살포할 경우 안전역이 1에 근접하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baharuddin MRB, Sahid IB, Noor MABA, Sulaiman N, and Othman F (2011) Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers. J Environ Sci Health Part B 46, 600-7.
  2. Byoun JY, Choi H, Moon JK, Park HW, Liu KH, Ihm YB et al. (2005) Risk assessment of human exposure to methidathion during harvest of cucumber in green house. J Toxicol Pub Health 21, 297-301.
  3. Calumpang SMF and Medina MJB (1996) Applicator exposure to imidacloprid while spraying mangoes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57, 697-704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900246
  4. Capri E, Alberici R, Glass CR, Minuto G, and Trevisan M (1999) Potential operator exposure to procymidone in greenhouses. J Agri Food Chem 47, 4443-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990175w
  5. Choi H, Moon JK, Liu KH, Park HW, Ihm YB, Park BS et al. (2006) Risk assessment of human exposure to cypermethrin during treatment of mandarin fields. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 50, 437-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-1050-3
  6. EC (2005) Review report for the active substance thiophanate-methyl finalized in the standing committee on the food chain and animal health at its meeting on 15 February 2005 in view of the inclusion of thiophanate-methyl in Annex I of directive 91/414/EEC. European Commission, Belgium.
  7. Fenske RA and Day Jr EW (2005) Assessment of exposure for pesticide handlers in agricultural, residential and institutional environments. In Occupational and residential exposure assessment for pesticides, Franklin CA and Worgan JP (eds), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 11-43,Westsussex, UK.
  8. Franklin CA (1985) Occupational exposure to pesticides and its role in risk assessment procedures used in Canada. In Dermal exposure related to pesticide use, Honeycutt RC, Zweig G, and Ragsdale NN (eds), American Chemistry Society 273, 429-44, USA.
  9. Garrod ANI, Rimmer DA, Robertshaw L, and Jones T (1998) Occupational exposure through spraying remedial pesticides. Ann Occup Hyg 42, 159-65. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/42.3.159
  10. KCPA (2012) Agrochemical year book. Korea Crop Protection Association, Korea.
  11. Kim E, Lee H, Choi H, Moon JK, Hong S, Jeong M et al. (2011) Methodology for quantitative monitoring of agricultural worker exposure to pesticides. Korean J Pest Sci 15, 507-28.
  12. Kim E, Lee H, Hong S, Park KH, An X, and Kim JH (2012a) Comparative exposure of operators to fenthion during treatment in paddy field. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 55, 827-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-012-2240-0
  13. Kim E, Moon JK, Choi H, Hong SM, Lee DH, Lee H et al. (2012b) Exposure and risk assessment of insecticide methomyl for applicator during treatment on apple orchard. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 55, 95-100.
  14. Kim E, Moon JK, Lee H, Kim S, Hwang YJ, Kim BJ et al. (2013) Exposure and risk assessment of operators to insecticide acetamiprid during treatment on apple orchard. Kor J Hort Sci Technol 31, 239-45.
  15. Kim JH, Kim K, and Lee HG (1998) Measurement of human exposure to pesticide. AgroBiotech 5, 72-6.
  16. Krieger RI (1995) Pesticide exposure assessment. Toxicol Lett 82, 65-72.
  17. Krieger RI, Ross JH, and Thingsinthusak T (1992) Assessing human exposure to pesticides. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 128, 1-15.
  18. Lee KM, Min SY, and Chung MH (2000) A study on the health effects of pesticide exposure among farmers. Korean J Rural Med 25, 245-63.
  19. Lewis RG (1976) Sampling and analysis of airborne pesticides. In Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes, Lee Jr RE (ed.), pp. 51-94. CRC Press, USA.
  20. Linch AL (1974) In Evaluation of ambient air quality by personnel monitoring. CRC Press, USA.
  21. Liu KH, Kim CS, and Kim JH (2003) Human exposure assessment to mancozeb during treatment of mandarin fields. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70, 336-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-002-0196-1
  22. Machado-Neto JG (2001) Determination of safe work time and exposure control need for pesticide applicators. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67, 20-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001280086
  23. Machera K, Goumenou M, Kapetanakis E, Kalamarakis A, and Glass CR (2003) Determination of potential dermal and inhalation operator exposure to malathion in greenhouses with the whole body dosimetry method. Ann Occup Hyg 47, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mef097
  24. Machera K, Kapetanakis E, Charistou A, Goumenaki E, and Glass RC (2002) Evaluation of potential dermal exposure of pesticide spray operators in greenhouses by use of visible tracers. J Environ Sci Health B 37, 113-21.
  25. MHW (2009) Korea health statistics 2008: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES IV-2). Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea.
  26. MHW (2010) Korea health statistics 2009: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES IV-3). Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea.
  27. MHW (2011) Korea health statistics 2010: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES V-1). Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea.
  28. Moon JK, Park S, Kim E, Lee H, and Kim JH (2013) Risk assessment of the exposure of insecticide operators to fenvalerate during treatment in apple orchards. J Agri Food Chem 61, 307-11. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3043083
  29. OECD (1997) Guidance document for the conduct of studies of occupational exposure to pesticides during agricultural application (Series on testing and assessment No. 9). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, France.
  30. Oliveira ML and Machado-Neto JG (2003) Use of manganese as tracer in the determination of respiratory exposure and relative importance of exposure routes in the safety of pesticide applicators in citrus orchards. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70, 415-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0002-8
  31. Ramos LM, Querejeta GA, Flores AP, Hughes EA, Zalts A, and Montserrat JM (2010) Potential dermal exposure in greenhouses for manual sprayers: analysis of the mix/load, application and re-entry stages. Sci Total Environ 408, 4062-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.020
  32. Ross JH, Driver JH, Cochran RC, Thongsinthusak T, and Krieger RI (2001) Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment? J Occup Hyg 45, S5-17.
  33. Stamper JH, Nigg HN, Mahon WD, and Nielsen AP (1988) Pesticide exposure to greenhouse foggers. Chemosphere 17, 1007-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(88)90071-9
  34. Tomlin C (2009) In The pesticide manual (15th ed). British Crop Protection Council, UK.
  35. Tsakirakis A, Kasiotis KM, Arapaki N, Charistou A, Tsatsakis A, Glass CR et al. (2011) Determination of operator exposure levels to insecticide during bait applications in olive trees: Study of coverall performance and duration of application. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214, 71-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.007
  36. US EPA (1996) Occupational and residential exposure test guidelines (OPPTS 875. 1000, EPA 712-C-96-261), US Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
  37. Vidal JLM, Gonzalez FJE, Frenich AG, Galera MM, Aguilera PA, and Carrique EL (2002) Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications. Pest Manag Sci 58, 784-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.524
  38. Wolfe HR, Durham WF, and Armstrong JF (1967) Exposures of workers to pesticides. Arch Environ Health 14, 622-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1967.10664801

Cited by

  1. Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion vol.19, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2015.19.3.230
  2. Probabilistic Exposure Assessment for Applicators during Treatment of the Fungicide Kresoxim-methyl on an Apple Orchard by a Speed Sprayer vol.63, pp.48, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03217
  3. Exposure Assessment of Apple Orchard Workers to the Insecticide Imidacloprid Using Whole Body Dosimetry During Mixing/Loading and Application vol.20, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2016.20.3.271
  4. Contemporary Research to Standardize the Development and Test Methods for Performance of Pesticide Protective Clothing vol.25, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2016.25.2.185
  5. Measurement of Operator Exposure During Treatment of Fungicide Difenoconazole on Grape Orchard vol.35, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2016.35.4.39
  6. Exposure and Risk Assessment of Clothianidin for Agricultural Worker during Spraying onto Rice-growing Paddy Field vol.21, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2017.21.3.332
  7. Evaluation of Exposure Level to Pyrethroid Pesticides according to Protective Equipment in Male Orchard Farmers vol.28, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2017.28.3.391
  8. Risk Assessment of Operator Exposure During Treatment of Fungicide Dithianon on Apple Orchard vol.37, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2018.37.4.40
  9. Risk and exposure assessment for agricultural workers during treatment of cucumber with the fungicide fenarimol in greenhouses vol.61, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-017-0328-2
  10. Validation protocol for whole-body dosimetry in an agricultural exposure study vol.61, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-017-0330-8
  11. Pesticide Reduction Effect of Agricultural Workers According to the Wearing Degree of Personal Protective Equipment vol.23, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2019.23.4.339
  12. The Status and Influencing Factors of Respiratory System Diseases in Korean Farmers with Disease vol.31, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2020.31.4.779