Korean Journal of Cognitive Science (인지과학)

The Korean Society for Cognitive Science (한국인지과학회)
권호 표지

The effect of art expertise and awareness of artists' intention on the patterns of eye movement during perception of abstract paintings with implied motion

미술에 대한 전문성과 화가의 표현 의도에 관한 자각이 운동성을 묘사한 추상화 지각 시 안구 운동 패턴에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2014.06.27
  • Accepted : 2014.08.18
  • Published : 2014.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Artists such as Duchamp and Balla tried to portray moving objects on static canvases by superimposing snapshots of moving objects. Previously, our group showed the influence of prior experience on brain responses within a motion-sensitive area MT+ to abstr act paintings with or without implied motion. In the present study, we went further to investigate whether the differential MT+activation between observers is originated from differential eye movement patterns. Prior experience was defined operationally with major in art. In addition, we examined whether perceiver's awareness of artist's intention concerning the implied motion, as well as expertise in art, affects the way he/she views the artwork. Results showed that the number and the duration of fixation on the abstract paintings tended to differ between participants based on art major. The awareness of artist's intention was not related to such differences. In contrast, observers' awareness of artist's intention of implying motion affected eye movement patterns in specific regions of the abstract paintings where the motion was portrayed. In other words, observers with awareness focused more on the parts of paintings portraying motion and moved their eyes in the direction corresponding to the direction of moving objects than observers without awareness. Expertise was not related to such specific eye movement patterns. The present study implies that art expertise and awareness of artist's intention play differential roles in observers' perception of paintings with implied motion. Namely, it suggests that expertise is related to the overall perception of paintings, while awareness of implied motion is related to perception of the specific spatial information in those paintings.

마르셀 뒤샹이나 지아코모 발라와 같은 미래파 화가들은 물체가 움직이는 순간 순간의 정지 이미지를 캔버스에 중첩해서 운동감을 표현하려고 했다. 본 연구진은 선행 연구에서 이렇듯 운동성이 내포된 추상 미술작품들에 대한 사전 경험이 뇌의 운동 지각 영역의 반응에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보고한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 선행 연구에서 관찰된 사전 경험에 따른 차별적인 뇌 운동 지각 영역의 활성화가 안구 운동 패턴의 차별성에 기인하는지 살펴보았다. 사전 경험은 미술 전공 여부로 조작하였다. 또한 전문성 이외에도 움직임 내포에 관한 화가의 의도 자각 여부에 따라 관찰자의 안구 운동 패턴에 차이가 나타나는지 검증해보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 미술 전공 여부에 따라 추상화 지각시 그림 전체에 대한 시선고정 횟수나 시간 등에 차별적인 경향이 나타났다. 화가의 표현 의도에 대한 자각은 이러한 전반적인 차이와 관련이 없었다. 반면, 운동성의 내포라는 화가의 표현 의도의 자각은 추상화 중 운동성이 표현된 특정 위치에 대한 안구운동과 연관성을 보였다. 즉, 표현의도를 자각한 관찰자들은 그렇지 못한 관찰자들에 비해 추상화 중 움직임과 연관된 신체 부위가 표현된 위치에 좀 더 집중하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 화폭에 표현된 물체의 움직임 방향과 합치하는 방향의 안구 운동을 더 많이 보였다. 미술 전공 여부는 움직임 표현 위치에 특정적인 안구 운동과 무관하였다. 이러한 결과는 미술 전문성 및 화가의 의도 자각 여부가 관찰자들이 움직임이 함축된 추상화를 지각하는 방식에 차별적으로 관여함을 시사한다. 즉, 전문성은 그림에 대한 전반적인 지각 방식에, 내포된 움직임에 대한 자각은 그 정보에 특정적인 공간에 대한 지각방식에 관여할 가능성을 제안한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Doane, M. A. (2002). The emergence of cinematic time: modernity, contingency, the archive, Harvard University Press.
  2. Braun, M. (1995). Picturing time: the work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904), University of Chicago Press.
  3. Kim, C-Y., Blake, R. (2007). Brain activity accompanying perception of implied motion in abstract paintings, Spatial Vision, 20-6, 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856807782758395
  4. Goebel, R., Khorram-Sefat, D., Muckli, L., Hacker, H., Singer, W. (1998). The constructive nature of vision: direct evidence from dunctional magnetic resonance imaging studies of apparent motion and motion imagery, European Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1563-1573. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00181.x
  5. Born R. T., Bradley D. C. (2005). Structure and function of visual area MT, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 157-189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052
  6. Everatt, J., Bradshaw, M. E, Hibbard, P. B. (1998). Individual differences in reading and eye movement control. In G. Underwood (Eds.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp.223-242), Oxford, England: Elsevier.
  7. Everatt, J., Underwood, G. (1994). Individual differences in reading subprocesses: Relationships between reading ability, lexical access, and eye movement control, Language and Speech, 37, 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099403700305
  8. Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing, Psychological Bulletin, 85, 618-660. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.3.618
  9. Underwood, G., Hubbard, A., Wilkinson, H. (1990). Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: The relationship between reading skill, reading speed and visual inspection, Language and Speech, 33, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099003300105
  10. Altarriba, J., Kroll, J. E, Sholl, A., Rayner, K. (1996). The influence of lexical and conceptual constraints on reading mixed language sentences: Evidence from eye fixation and naming times, Memory & Cognition, 24, 477-492. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200936
  11. Chincotta, D., HySna, J., Underwood, G. (1997). Eye fixations, speech rate and bilingual digit-span: Numeral reading indexes fluency not word length, Acta Psychologica, 97, 253-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(97)00031-0
  12. Rayner, K. (1998). Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research, Psychological Bulletin, 124-3, 372-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
  13. Charness, N., Reingold, E. M., Pomplun, M., Stampe, D. M. (2001). The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements, Memory & Cognition, 29-8, 1146-1152. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206384
  14. Savelsbergh, G. J. P., A. M., Williams, van der Kamp, J., Ward, P. (2002). Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 20-3, 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317284826
  15. Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Knowles, J. M., Smeeton, N. J. (2002). Anticipation skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8-4, 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.8.4.259
  16. Causer, J., Bennett, S. J., Holmes, P. S., Janelle, C., Williams, A. M., (2010). Quiet Eye Duration and Gun Motion in Elite Shotgun Shooting, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42-8, 1599-1608. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d1b059
  17. Nodine C. F., Locher P. J., Krupinski E. A. (1993). The role of formal art training and perception and aesthetic judgment of art compositions, Leonardo, 26, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.2307/1575815
  18. Vogt, S., Magnussen, S. (2007). Expertise in pictorial perception: eye-movement patterns and visual memory in artists and laymen, Perception, 91-100.
  19. Pihko, E., Virtanen, A., Saarinen, V.-M. Pannasch, S., Hirvenkari, L., Tossavainen, T., Haapala, A., Hari, R. (2011). Experiencing art: the influence of expertise and painting abstraction level, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5-94. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00094
  20. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856897X00357
  21. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The Video Toolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856897X00366
  22. Thorpe, S., Fize, D., Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system, Nature, 381, 520-522. https://doi.org/10.1038/381520a0
  23. Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 57(1), 289-300.
  24. Hupe, J.-M., Lamirel, C., & Lorenceau, J. (2009). Pupil dynamics during bistable motion perception. Journal of Vision, 9(7) article 10. doi: 10.1167/9.7.10.
  25. Einhauser, W., Stout, J., Koch, C., Carter, O. (2008). Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry. Proceedings in the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105:5, 1704-1709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707727105
  26. Laubrock, J., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2008). Fixational eye movements predict the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion. Journal of Vision, 8(14) article 13. doi: 10.1167/8.14.13.