References
- Widdowson WM, Healy ML, Sonksen PH, Gibney J. 2009. The physiology of growth hormone and sport. Growth Horm IGF Res 19: 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.023
- Sutton J, Lazarus L. 1976. Growth hormone in exercise: comparison of physiological and pharmacological stimuli. J Appl Physiol 41: 523-527. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1976.41.4.523
- Gravholt CH, Schmitz O, Simonsen L, Bulow J, Christiansen JS, Moller N. 1999. Effects of a physiological GH pulse on interstitial glycerol in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 277: E848-854.
- Moller N, Jorgensen JO, Schmitz O, Moller J, Christiansen J, Alberti KG. 1990. Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in humans. Am J Physiol 258: E86-91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.1.C86
- Stich V, Berlan M. 2004. Physiological regulation of NEFA availability: lipolysis pathway. Proc Nutr Soc 63: 369-374. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2004350
- Fernandez JM, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Ruano-Ruiz JA, Caballero-Villarraso J, Moreno-Luna R, Tunez-Finana I. 2009. Fructose modifies the hormonal response and modulates lipid metabolism during aerobic exercise after glucose supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond) 116: 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20080120
- Horowitz JF, Mora-Rodriguez R, Byerley LO, Coyle EF. 1997. Lipolytic suppression following carbohydrate ingestion limits fat oxidation during exercise. Am J Physiol 273: E768-775.
- Coyle EF, Jeukendrup AE, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH. 1997. Fatty acid oxidation is directly regulated by carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol 273: E268-275.
- Wee J, Charlton C, Simpson H, Jackson NC, Shojaee-Moradie F, Stolinski M, Pentecost C, Umpleby AM. 2005. GH secretion in acute exercise may result in post-exercise lipolysis. Growth Horm IGF Res 15: 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2005.08.003
- Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Pedersen SB, Moller N, Schmitz O. 2004. Additive effects of cortisol and growth hormone on regional and systemic lipolysis in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E488-494. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00199.2003
- Norrelund H, Nielsen S, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JO, Moller N. 2004. Modulation of basal glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by growth hormone and free fatty acids during short-term fasting. Eur J Endocrinol 150: 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500779
- Yang S, Xu X, Bjorntorp P, Eden S. 1995. Additive effects of growth hormone and testosterone on lipolysis in adipocytes of hypophysectomized rats. J Endocrinol 147: 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1470147
- Bak JF, Moller N, Schmitz O. 1991. Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. Am J Physiol 260: E736-742.
- Hansen M, Morthorst R, Larsson B, Dall R, Flyvbjerg A, Rasmussen MH. 2005. No effect of growth hormone administration on substrate oxidation during exercise in young, lean men. J Physiol 567: 1035-1045. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089524
- Dore S, Brisson GR, Fournier A, Massicotte D, Peronnet F, Gareau R. 1991. HGH20k species and variability of GH responses to long-duration exercise in male cyclists fed different food supplements. Horm Metab Res 23: 431-434. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1003719
- Noma A, Okabe H, Kita M. 1973. A new colorimetric microdetermination of free fatty acids in serum. Clin Chim Acta 43: 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(73)90468-3
- Frayn KN. 1983. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. J Appl Physiol 55: 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.628
- McMurray RG, Hackney AC. 2005. Interactions of metabolic hormones, adipose tissue and exercise. Sports Med 35: 393-412. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535050-00003
- Stokes K. 2003. Growth hormone responses to sub-maximal and sprint exercise. Growth Horm IGF Res 13: 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-6374(03)00016-9
- Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Kruk B, Nazar K, Krzeminski K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Ziemba A. 2005. Early effects of shortterm endurance training on hormonal responses to graded exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol 56: 87-99.
- De Palo EF, Antonelli G, Gatti R, Chiappin S, Spinella P, Cappellin E. 2008. Effects of two different types of exercise on GH/IGF axis in athletes. Is the free/total IGF-I ratio a new investigative approach? Clin Chim Acta 387: 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2007.09.005
- Leite RD, Prestes J, Rosa C, De Salles BF, Maior A, Miranda H. 2011. Acute effect of resistance training volume on hormonal responses in trained men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 51: 322-328.
- Henderson GC, Fattor JA, Horning MA, Faghihnia N, Johnson ML, Mau TL. 2007. Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in men and women during the postexercise recovery period. J Physiol 584: 963-981. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.137331
- West DJ, Stephens JW, Bain SC, Kilduff LP, Luzio S, Still R. 2011. A combined insulin reduction and carbohydrate feeding strategy 30 min before running best preserves blood glucose concentration after exercise through improved fuel oxidation in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Sports Sci 29: 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.531753
- Ballard TP, Melby CL, Camus H, Cianciulli M, Pitts J, Schmidt S. 2009. Effect of resistance exercise, with or without carbohydrate supplementation, on plasma ghrelin concentrations and postexercise hunger and food intake. Metabolism 58: 1191-1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.018
- Healy ML, Gibney J, Pentecost C, Croos P, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. 2006. Effects of high-dose growth hormone on glucose and glycerol metabolism at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0916
- Moller L, Dalman L, Norrelund H, Billestrup N, Frystyk J, Moller N. 2009. Impact of fasting on growth hormone signaling and action in muscle and fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 965-972. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1385
- Moller L, Norrelund H, Jessen N, Flyvbjerg A, Pedersen SB, Gaylinn BD. 2009. Impact of growth hormone receptor blockade on substrate metabolism during fasting in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 4524-4532. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0381
- Moller N, Gormsen LC, Schmitz O, Lund S, Jorgensen JO, Jessen N. 2009. Free fatty acids inhibit growth hormone/signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 signaling in human muscle: a potential feedback mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 2204-2207. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2624
- Moller N, Jorgensen JO. 2009. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr Rev 30: 152-177. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0027
- Moller N, Vendelbo MH, Kampmann U, Christensen B, Madsen M, Norrelund H. 2009. Growth hormone and protein metabolism. Clin Nutr 28: 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.08.015
- Ahlborg G, Bjorkman O. 1987. Carbohydrate utilization by exercising muscle following pre-exercise glucose ingestion. Clin Physiol 7: 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.1987.tb00160.x
- Wahl P, Mathes S, Kohler K, Achtzehn S, Bloch W, Mester J. 2013. Acute metabolic, hormonal, and psychological responses to different endurance training protocols. Horm Metab Res in press.
- Hansen D, Meeusen R, Mullens A, Dendale P. 2012. Effect of acute endurance and resistance exercise on endocrine hormones directly related to lipolysis and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult individuals with obesity. Sports Med 42: 415-431. https://doi.org/10.2165/11599590-000000000-00000
- Mastorakos G, Pavlatou M, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Chrousos GP. 2005. Exercise and the stress system. Hormones (Athens) 4: 73-89.
- Gatti R, De Palo EF. 2010. An update: salivary hormones and physical exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21: 157-169.
- Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. 2005. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med 35: 339-361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
- Sherman WM, Peden MC, Wright DA. 1991. Carbohydrate feedings 1 h before exercise improves cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr 54: 866-870. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.5.866
- Wright DA, Sherman WM, Dernbach AR. 1991. Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 71: 1082-1088. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1082
- Brozinick JT Jr, Etgen GJ Jr, Yaspelkis BB 3rd, Kang HY, Ivy JL. 1993. Effects of exercise training on muscle GLUT-4 protein content and translocation in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol 265: E419-427.
- Wallberg-Henriksson H, Constable SH, Young DA, Holloszy JO. 1988. Glucose transport into rat skeletal muscle: interaction between exercise and insulin. J Appl Physiol 65: 909-913. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.909
- Cortright RN, Dohm GL. 1997. Mechanisms by which insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose transport. Can J Appl Physiol 22: 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1139/h97-033
- Ivy JL. 1997. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 24: 321-336. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199724050-00004
- Liberman B, Cesar FP, Wajchenberg BL. 1979. Human growth hormone (hGH) stimulation tests: the sequential exercise and L-dopa procedure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10: 649-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1979.tb02123.x
Cited by
- Exercising Tactically for Taming Postmeal Glucose Surges vol.2016, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4045717
- Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis vol.116, pp.07, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516003160
- Timing, intensity and frequency of exercise for glucose control vol.54, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-016-0886-5
- A time for exercise: the exercise window vol.122, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00685.2016
- Influence of low versus moderate glycemic index of diet on substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during incremental exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized counterbalanced cross-over trial vol.69, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2017.1411891
- Five Evidence-Based Lifestyle Habits People With Diabetes Can Use vol.38, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.2337/cd19-0078