Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (대한소아청소년정신의학회)
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Broken Mirror or Unbroken Mirror? : An Investigation for Mirror Neuron Dysfunction of the Autism Spectrum Disorder

깨진 거울인가 깨지지 않은 거울인가? : 자폐 스펙트럼 장애의 거울 뉴런 문제에 관한 고찰

  • Son, Jung-Woo (Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital) ;
  • Ghim, Hei-Rhee (Department of Psychology, Chungbuk National University)
  • 손정우 (충북대학교 의과대학 정신과학교실) ;
  • 김혜리 (충북대학교 심리학과)
  • Received : 2013.08.25
  • Accepted : 2013.09.08
  • Published : 2013.09.30
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Abstract

The discovery of the mirror neuron system (MNS) is one of the most important neuroscientific achievements in the 20th century. Some researchers had reported that MNS dysfunction was discovered in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Finally, the 'broken mirror' theory of ASD was announced in the mid 2000's. According to this theory, ASD cannot simulate the mind and behavior of others due to MNS dysfunction; therefore, they cannot imitate the behaviors and empathized with the mind of others. However, ASD does not always show imitation problems. The researchers who have criticized the 'broken mirror' theory proposed the 'social top-down response modulation (STORM)' theory. On STORM theory, the medial prefrontal cortex or temporo-parietal junction, brain areas related with mentalising, might modulate MNS according to social context. We compared the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.

20세기의 가장 중요한 신경과학적 업적 중의 하나인 거울 뉴런의 발견은 ASD에서의 모방 및 공감 문제를 설명해줄 핵심 원인으로 인식되었으며 결국 2000년대 중반 '깨진 거울 이론'이 공식적으로 등장하게 되었다. 깨진 거울 이론은 돌출 풍경 맵 이론에 의해 보완되면서 ASD에서의 과잉 모방 및 자율신경계 과다 항진까지 보다 정교하게 설명할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 ASD 환자가 항상 모방 문제를 보이지는 않는다는 것, 모방과 에뮬레이션에 대한 구별이 중요하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. ASD의 깨진 거울 이론에 대한 한계점을 비판하는 연구자들은 결국 모방과 공감에 대한 뇌의 사회적 하향 조정시스템 문제를 강조하는 'STORM 이론'을 내놓게 되었다. 깨진 거울 이론과 STORM 이론 중 어느 것이 더 옳은 이론이라고 현재 단정지을 수는 없다. 깨진 거울 이론은 여전히 학계의 지지를 받고 있으며 지금까지 상당한 연구 성과를 내고 있다. 그러나 STORM 이론은 깨진 거울 이론에서 특별히 강조하고 있지 않은 '사회적 맥락'의 중요성을 강조하며, 마음 이론 등의 정신화 기제가 뇌의 거울 뉴런계를 직접 조정하여 보다 더 세밀한 모방이 이루어진다는 것을 잘 보여주고 있다. 향후 STORM 이론 관련 연구 결과들이 어떻게 나올지를 관심있게 지켜볼 필요가 있다. 이 두 이론은 ASD의 사회적 인지에 관한 연구를 실시할 때 연구 방법이 얼마나 정교해야 하는지를 잘 알려주고 있다. 이는 모방과 공감 문제에 대한 치료 프로그램을 개발하는 경우에도 마찬가지로 적용되는 문제이다. 그러나 이러한 노력은 필연적으로 ASD에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히게 되며 궁극적으로 ASD 환자에 대한 생물학적, 비생물학적 치료법의 발견에 기여하게 될 것이다. 두 이론을 각각 지지하고 있는 연구자들 간의 모범적인 논쟁을 지속적으로 기대하고자 한다.

Keywords

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