DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Food Habits of the Glass eel Anguilla japonica in the West Coast Estuaries of Korean Peninsula Determined by Using C and N Stable Isotopes

안정동위원소를 이용한 서해연안 실뱀장어의 먹이 습성

  • Kim, Jeong Bae (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Lee, Won-Chan (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Jung (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Seong, Ki Baik (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Choi, Hee-Gu (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Choi, Woo-Jeung (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Hwang, Hak Bin (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Hong, Sokjin (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Kim, Hyung Chul (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Park, Sung-Eun (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Shim, Jeong Hee (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) ;
  • Kang, Chang-Keun (Ocean Science & Technology Institute, Pohang University of Sciences and Technology)
  • Received : 2013.09.23
  • Accepted : 2013.11.05
  • Published : 2013.11.28

Abstract

Glass eels (Anguilla japonica) are caught in the west coast of Korea on their migratory route from the breeding grounds in the Mariana Trench along the North Equatorial Current and the Kuroshio Current. To identify the food source of natural glass eels, we analyzed the stable C and N isotopes of glass eels caught in April 2012 and investigated possible food sources in the survey area. In particular, with respect to the stable C and N isotopes of particulate organic matter, we extended the surveying area to the northern parts of East China Sea as well as the west coast of Korea. The stable C and N isotope ratios of the glass eels caught in the west coast were found to be $-20.7{\pm}0.1$‰ and $5.0{\pm}0.2$‰, respectively. The stable C and N isotope ratios of the particulate organic matter in the west coast of Korea, in which the glass eels are assumed to eat the particulate organic matter as food source, were estimated to be $-24.0{\pm}0.3$‰ and $2.8{\pm}0.4$‰, respectively. Similar data were obtained from the northern part of the East China Sea, $-24.5{\pm}0.5$‰ and $0.8{\pm}0.3$‰. The stable isotope ratios showed values differing from the stepwise increasing rates up the food web in natural aquatic ecosystem, showing that particulate organic matter in the west coast of Korea and East China Sea was not served as the glass eels food source. This result suggested that the glass eels caught in the west coast might not assimilate nutrition from the marine environment during long migration.

실뱀장어는 산란장인 마리아나해구에서 산란 및 부화과정을 거쳐, 뱀장어 자어인 렙토세팔루스 단계에서 북적도 해류와 쿠로시오 해류를 따라 회유하면서 변태과정을 거치게 된다. 변태된 실뱀장어는 동중국해를 지나 우리나라 연안으로 올라오는데 실뱀장어의 먹이원에 대해서는 알려진 바가 없었다. 실뱀장어 먹이원은 안정동위원소 비값을 측정하여 수서 생태계에 존재하는 먹이망에 의한 단계별 증가율을 해석함으로써 가능하다. 2012년 4월에 채집된 자연산 실뱀장어의 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소를 측정하여 먹이원을 밝히기 위하여 실뱀장어 ${\delta}^{13}C$${\delta}^{15}N$를 분석하고 서해안 및 동중국해 북부해역의 가용 가능한 입자유기물질에 대한 값들을 분석, 비교하였다. 우리나라 서해안에서 채집된 실뱀장어의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-20.7{\pm}0.1$‰, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $5.0{\pm}0.2$‰로 나타났다. 실뱀장어의 가용 먹이원으로 추정되는 입자유기물질 중 서해안의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-24.0{\pm}0.3$‰이고, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $2.8{\pm}0.4$‰이었고, 동중국해 북부해역의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-24.5{\pm}0.5$‰이고, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $0.8{\pm}0.3$‰이었다. 일반적으로 알려진 영양단계에 따른 동위원소 분별 비값 증가율을 고려할 때, 본 연구에서 나타난 서해안과 동중국해의 POM과 서해안에서 채집된 실뱀장어의 ${\delta}^{13}C$${\delta}^{15}N$값의 차이는 서해안과 동중국해의 입자유기물질이 자연산 실뱀장어의 먹이원으로써 이용되지 않았다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 우리나라 연안에서 채집되는 실뱀장어는 뱀장어 자어인 렙토세팔루스에서 변태과정을 거친 이후에는 먹이를 섭이하지 않고 회유하는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Abe, T., S. Ijiri, S. Adachi and K. Yamauchi, 2010. Development of an in vitro culture system for producing eel larvae from immature ovarian follicles in Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Fish. Sci., 76: 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-010-0216-8
  2. Bardonnet, A. and P. Riera, 2005. Feeding of glass eels(Anguilla Anguilla) in the course of their estuarine migration: New insights from stable isotope analysis. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 63: 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.11.009
  3. Bunn, S.E., N.R. Loneragan and M.A. Kempster, 1995. Effects of acid washing on stable isotope ratios of C and N in penaeid shrimp and seagrass: Implication for food-web studies using multiple stable isotopes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 40: 622-625. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.3.0622
  4. Bureau du Colombier, S., P. Lambert and A. Bardonnet, 2008. Is feeding behaviour related to glass eel propensity to migrate? Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 80: 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.08.015
  5. Choi, J.Y., 1993. Seasonal variations of suspended matters in the Keum Estuary and its adjacent coastal area. J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, 28: 272-280.
  6. Chow, S., H. Kurogi, S. Katayama, D. Ambe, M. Okazaki, T. Watanabe, T. Ichikawa, M. Kodama, J. Aoyama, A. Shinoda, S. Watanabe, K. Tsukamoto, S. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, Y. Yamada, K Nomura, H. Tanaka, Y. Kazeto, K. Hata, T. Handa, A. Tawa and N. Mochioka, 2010. Japanese eel Anguilla japonica do not assimilate nutrition during the oceanic spawning migration: evidence from stable isotope analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 402: 233-238. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08448
  7. DeNiro, M.J. and S. Epstein, 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42: 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90199-0
  8. DeNiro, M.J. and S. Epstein, 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45: 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90244-1
  9. Folch, J., M. Lees and G.H.S. Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 226: 497-509.
  10. Fukuda N., M. Kuroki, A. Shinoda, Y. Yamada, A. Okamura, J. Aoyama and K. Tsukamoto, 2009. Influence of water temperature and feeding regime on otolith growth in Anguilla japonica glass and elvers: does otolith growth cease at low temperatures? J. Fish Bio., 74: 1915-1933. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02287.x
  11. Fry, B., 2008. Stable isotope ecology. Springer, New York, USA., 308 pp.
  12. Han, Y.-S., 2011. Temperature-dependent recruitment delay of the Japanese glass eel Anguilla japonica in East Asia. Mar. Biol., 158: 2349-2358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1739-y
  13. Kang, C.K., 2005. Ecological modeling. Pusan University. Busan. 69 pp.
  14. Kang, C.K., J.B. Kim, J.B. Kim, P.-Y. Lee and J.-S. Hong, 2001. The importance of intertidal benthic autotrophs to the Kwangyang Bay (Korea) food webs: ${\delta}^{13}C$ analysis. J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, 36: 109-123.
  15. Kaeakami, Y., N. Mochioka, R. Kimura and A. Nakazono, 1999. Seasonal changes of the RNA/DNA ratio, size and lipid contents and immigration adaptability of Japanese glass-eels, Anguilla japonica, collected in northern Kyushu, Japan. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 238: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00166-X
  16. Lee, Y.J., B.-K. Jeong, Y.-S. Shin, S.-H. Kim and K.-H. Shin, 2013. Determination of the origin of particulate organic matter at the estuary of Youngsan river using stable ratios (${\delta}^{13}C$, ${\delta}^{15}N$). KJEE 46: 175-184. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2013.46.2.175
  17. Miller, M.J., T. Otake, J. Aoyama, S. Wouthuyzen, S. Suharti, H.Y. Sugeha and K. Tsukamoto, 2011. Observations of gut contents of leptocephali in the North Equatorial Current and Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Coasta. Mar. Sci., 35: 277-288.
  18. Miller M.J., Y. Chikaraishi, N.O. Ogawa, Y. Yamada, K. Tsukamoto and N. Ohkouchi, 2012. A low trophic position of Japanese eel larvae indicates feeding on marine snow. Biol. Lett. Doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.08.26, Published online 7 Novermber.
  19. Minagawa, M. and E. Wada, 1984. Stepwise enrichment of ${\delta}^{15}N$ along food chain: Further evidence and the relation between ${\delta}^{15}N$ and animal age. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48: 1135-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90204-7
  20. Miyazzki, S., H.-Y. Kim, K. Zenimote, T. Kitagawa, M.J. Miller and S. Kimura, 2011. Stable isotope analysis of two species of anguilliform leptocephali (Anguilla japonica and Ariosoma major) relative to their feeding depth in the North Equatorial Current region. Mar. Biol., 158: 2555-2564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1756-x
  21. Mochioka, N. and M. Iwamizu, 1996. Diet of anguilloid larvae: leptocephali feed selectively on larvacean houses and fecal pellets. Mar. Biol., 125: 447-452.
  22. Mochioka, N., 2003. Leptocephali. In: Eel biology, edited by Aida, K., K. Tsukamoto and K. Yamauchi, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 51-60.
  23. Moon, H.T., 2002. The early life history of eel Anguilla japonica determined by otolith microstructure and catch data of glass eels. Ph.D. Thesis, Chungnam University, Taejon, 111 pp.
  24. NFRDI, 2012a. Development of Rearing Technique in Eel, Anguilla japonica. 2011 Report of National Fisheries Research & Development Institute., 53 pp.
  25. NFRDI, 2012b. Oceanographic information in the east Chana Sea august 2012. Oceanographic information 59ho of National Fisheries Research & Development Institute., 17 pp.
  26. Okamura, A., Y. Yamada, N. Horie, T. Utoh, N. Mikawa, S. Tanaka and K. Tsukamoto, 2007. Effects of water temperature on early development of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Fisheries Science, 73: 1241-1248
  27. Otake T., K. Nogami and K. Maruyama, 1993. Dissolved and particulate organic matter as possible food sources for eel leptocephali. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 92: 27-34. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps092027
  28. Post, D.M., 2002. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology, 83: 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET]2.0.CO;2
  29. Rau, G.H., A.J. Mearns, D.R. Young, R.J. Olson, H.A. Schafer and I.R. Kaplan, 1983. Animal $^{13}C/^{12}C$ correlates with trophic level in pelagic food webs. Ecology, 64: 1314-1318 https://doi.org/10.2307/1937843
  30. Shinoda, A., J. Aoyama, M.J. Miller, T. Otake, N. Mochioka, S. Watanabe, Y. Minegishi, M. Kuroki, T. Yoshinaga, K. Yokouchi, N. Fukuda, R. Sudo, S. Hagihara, K. Zenimoto, Y. Suzuki, M. Oya, T. Inagaki, S. Kimura, A. Fukui, T.W. Lee and K. Tsukamoto, 2011. Evaluation of the larval distribution and migration of the Japanese eel in the western North Pacific. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, 21: 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9195-1
  31. Tanaka, H, H. Kagawa, H. Ohta, T. Unuma and K. Momura, 2003. The first production of glass eel in captivity: fish reproductive physiology facilitates great progress in aquaculture. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 28: 493-497. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FISH.0000030638.56031.ed
  32. Tsukamoto, K., 2006. Spawning of eels near a seamount. Nature, 439: 929. https://doi.org/10.1038/439929a
  33. Yu, O.K., S.-G. Paik, H.-G. Lee, C.-K. Kang, D.-S. Kim, J.-H. Lee and W.S. Kim, 2008. A preliminary study of the effect of pelagic organisms on the macrobenthic community in the adjacent East Sea and Korea strait. Ocean and Polar Res., 30: 303−312. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2008.30.3.303