Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry (생물정신의학)

The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry (대한생물정신의학회)
권호 표지

New Insights on the Biological and Emotional Pathogenesis of Eating Disorders

섭식장애의 생물학적 및 정서적 병인기전에 대한 새로운 지견

  • Kim, Youl-Ri (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University)
  • 김율리 (인제대학교 서울백병원 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2013.06.10
  • Accepted : 2013.07.25
  • Published : 2013.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives This paper aims to understand the emotional-biological pathogenesis of eating disorders, and translate the understanding into new brain directed treatments. Methods The first part of the review sets the eating behavior into the context of what is now understood about the central control of appetite and molecular biology. The second part of the review sees how emotion relates to the brain circuit involving eating disorders. Results In general, patients with anorexia nervosa restricting type were less sensitive to reward, whereas patients with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa binge purging type were more sensitive to it. The emotional life of people with eating disorders centers on food, weight, and shape. The abnormalities in social and emotional functioning both precede and persist outside of eating disorders. Conclusions Research into understanding the biological framework of the brain in eating disorders suggests that abnormalities may exist in emotional and information processing. This aspect can be translated into novel brain-directed treatments, particularly in anorexia nervosa.

Keywords

References

  1. Steinhausen HC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1284-1293. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1284
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association;2013.
  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association;1994.
  4. Kaye W. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2008;94:121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.037
  5. Kendler KS, MacLean C, Neale M, Kessler R, Heath A, Eaves L. The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148: 1627-1637. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.12.1627
  6. Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Merikangas KR, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, et al. A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:603- 610. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.603
  7. Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Kaye W. Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:393-401. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.393
  8. Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Tozzi F, Furberg H, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL. Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:305-312. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.305
  9. Klump KL, Miller KB, Keel PK, McGue M, Iacono WG. Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population-based twin sample. Psychol Med 2001;31:737-740.
  10. Kortegaard LS, Hoerder K, Joergensen J, Gillberg C, Kyvik KO. A preliminary population-based twin study of self-reported eating disorder. Psychol Med 2001;31:361-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701003087
  11. Wade TD, Bulik CM, Neale M, Kendler KS. Anorexia nervosa and major depression: shared genetic and environmental risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:469-471. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.469
  12. Gorwood P, Kipman A, Foulon C. The human genetics of anorexia nervosa. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;480:163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.103
  13. Devlin B, Bacanu SA, Klump KL, Bulik CM, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, et al. Linkage analysis of anorexia nervosa incorporating behavioral covariates. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:689-696. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/11.6.689
  14. Root TL, Szatkiewicz JP, Jonassaint CR, Thornton LM, Pinheiro AP, Strober M, et al. Association of candidate genes with phenotypic traits relevant to anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2011;19: 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1138
  15. Kim YR, Cho SH, Moon JJ. Addictive aspects of eating disorders and obesity. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2012;51:36-44. https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2012.51.1.36
  16. Epstein LH, Truesdale R, Wojcik A, Paluch RA, Raynor HA. Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food. Physiol Behav 2003;78:221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00978-2
  17. Cota D, Tschöp MH, Horvath TL, Levine AS. Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: the molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res Rev 2006;51:85-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.004
  18. Kirkham TC. Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Behav Pharmacol 2005;16:297-313. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200509000-00004
  19. Goethals I, Vervaet M, Audenaert K, Jacobs F, Ham H, Van de Wiele C, et al. Differences of cortical 5-HT2A receptor binding index with SPECT in subtypes of anorexia nervosa: relationship with person ality traits? J Psychiatr Res 2007;41:455-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.002
  20. Bailer UF, Price JC, Meltzer CC, Mathis CA, Frank GK, Weissfeld L, et al. Altered 5-HT(2A) receptor binding after recovery from bulimia- type anorexia nervosa: relationships to harm avoidance and drive for thinness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:1143-1155. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300430
  21. Bailer UF, Frank GK, Henry SE, Price JC, Meltzer CC, Weissfeld L, et al. Altered brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [carbonyl11C]WAY-100635. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62: 1032-1041. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.1032
  22. Schweiger U, Warnhoff M, Pahl J, Pirke KM. Effects of carbohydrate and protein meals on plasma large neutral amino acids, glucose, and insulin plasma levels of anorectic patients. Metabolism 1986;35:938- 943. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(86)90058-2
  23. Kaye WH, Fudge JL, Paulus M. New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:573-584. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2682
  24. Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30:217-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
  25. Harrison A, Sullivan S, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Emotional functioning in eating disorders: attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychol Med 2010;40:1887-1897. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000036
  26. Oldershaw A, Hambrook D, Stahl D, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U. The socio-emotional processing stream in Anorexia Nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:970-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.001
  27. Castro L, Davies H, Hale L, Surguladze S, Tchanturia K. Facial affect recognition in anorexia nervosa: is obsessionality a missing piece of the puzzle? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010;44:1118-1125. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.524625
  28. Harrison A, Sullivan S, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Emotional functioning in eating disorders: attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychol Med 2010;40:1887-1897. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000036
  29. Gillberg IC, Billstedt E, Wentz E, Anckarsäter H, Råstam M, Gillberg C. Attention, executive functions, and mentalizing in anorexia nervosa eighteen years after onset of eating disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010;32:358-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390903066857
  30. Gillberg CL. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1991. Autism and autistic-like conditions: subclasses among disorders of empathy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992;33:813-842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x
  31. Treasure J. Coherence and other autistic spectrum traits and eating disorders: building from mechanism to treatment. The Birgit Olsson lecture. Nord J Psychiatry 2013;67:38-42. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2012.674554
  32. Panksepp JB, Lahvis GP. Rodent empathy and affective neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:1864-1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.013
  33. Panksepp J. Cross-species affective neuroscience decoding of the primal affective experiences of humans and related animals. PLoS One 2011;6:e21236. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021236
  34. Treasure J. Emotion in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012; 20:429-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2211
  35. Harrison A, Treasure J, Smillie LD. Approach and avoidance motivation in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res 2011;188:396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.022
  36. Adambegan M, Wagner G, Nader IW, Fernandez-Aranda F, Treasure J, Karwautz A. Internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems in childhood contribute to the development of anorexia and bulimia nervosa-a study comparing sister pairs. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012;20:116-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1152
  37. Swinbourne J, Hunt C, Abbott M, Russell J, St Clare T, Touyz S. The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: prevalence in an eating disorder sample and anxiety disorder sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012;46:118-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867411432071
  38. Treasure J, Corfield F, Cardi V. A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012; 20:431-438. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2181
  39. Wagner A, Aizenstein H, Venkatraman VK, Fudge J, May JC, Mazurkewicz L, et al. Altered reward processing in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1842-1849. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040575
  40. Zastrow A, Kaiser S, Stippich C, Walther S, Herzog W, Tchanturia K, et al. Neural correlates of impaired cognitive-behavioral flexibility in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:608-616. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050775
  41. Bailer UF, Kaye WH. Serotonin: imaging findings in eating disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011;6:59-79.
  42. Espeset EM, Gulliksen KS, Nordbø RH, Skårderud F, Holte A. The link between negative emotions and eating disorder behaviour in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012;20:451-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2183
  43. Danner UN, Evers C, Stok FM, van Elburg AA, de Ridder DT. A double burden: emotional eating and lack of cognitive reappraisal in eating disordered women. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012;20:490-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2184
  44. Abbate-Daga G, Marzola E, Gramaglia C, Brustolin A, Campisi S, De-Bacco C, et al. Emotions in eating disorders: changes of anger control after an emotion-focused day hospital treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012;20:496-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2199
  45. Lipsman N, Woodside DB, Giacobbe P, Hamani C, Carter JC, Norwood SJ, et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment- refractory anorexia nervosa: a phase 1 pilot trial. Lancet 2013; 381:1361-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62188-6
  46. Van den Eynde F, Claudino AM, Mogg A, Horrell L, Stahl D, Ribeiro W, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cueinduced food craving in bulimic disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67: 793-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.023
  47. Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Santamaría JJ, Gunnard K, Soto A, Kalapanidas E, et al. Video games as a complementary therapy tool in mental disorders: PlayMancer, a European multicentre study. J Ment Health 2012;21:364-374. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2012.664302
  48. Cardi V, Kan C, Roncero M, Harrison A, Lounes N, Tchanturia K, et al. Mealtime support in anorexia nervosa: a within-subject comparison study of a novel vodcast intervention. Psychother Psychosom 2012;81:54-55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329992