Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Fermented Chlorella Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Characteristics, Fecal Microbial and Fecal Noxious Gas Content in Growing Pigs

  • Yan, L. (Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University) ;
  • Lim, S.U. (Ace M&F Ltd.) ;
  • Kim, I.H. (Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University)
  • Received : 2012.06.22
  • Accepted : 2012.08.07
  • Published : 2012.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A total of 96 growing pigs ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc; BW = $26.58{\pm}1.41$ kg) were used in a 6-wk feeding trail to evaluate the effects of fermented chlorella (FC) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal microbial and fecal noxious gas content in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens (2 barrows and 2 gilts) per treatment. Dietary treatments were: i) negative control (NC), basal diet (without antibiotics); ii) positive control (PC), NC+0.05% tylosin; iii) (fermented chlorella 01) FC01, NC+0.1% FC, and iv) fermented chlorella 02 (FC02), NC+0.2% FC. In this study, feeding pigs PC or FC01 diets led to a higher average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter (DM) digestibility than those fed NC diet (p<0.05), whereas the inclusion of FC02 diet did not affect the ADG and DM compared with the NC group. No difference (p>0.05) was observed on the body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed (G:F) ratio, the apparent total tract digestibility of N and energy throughout the experiment. The inclusion of PC or FC did not affect the blood characteristics (p>0.05). Moreover, dietary FC treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) lactobacillus concentration and lower E. coli concentration than the NC treatment, whereas the antibiotic supplementation only decreased the E. coli concentration. Pigs fed FC or PC diet had reduced (p<0.05) fecal $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ content compared with those fed NC diet. In conclusion, our results indicated that the inclusion of FC01 treatment could improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial shedding (lower E. coli and higher lactobacillus), and decrease the fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs when compared with the group fed the basal diet. In conclusion, dietary FC could be considered as a good source of supplementation in growing pigs because of its growth promoting effect.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Washington, DC, USA.
  2. Buckenhüskes, H., H. A. Jensen, R. Andersson, A. G. Fernandez and M. Rodrigo. 1990. Fermented vegetables. In: Processing and Quality of Foods in Food Biotechnology (Ed. P. Zeuthen, J. C. Cheftel, C. Eriksson, T. R. Gormley, P. Linko and K. Paulus): Avenues to Healthy and Nutritious Products. Elsevier, London.
  3. Cho, J. H. and I. H. Kim. 2011. Effects of fermented fish meal on N balance and apparent total tract and ileal amino acid digestibility in weaning pigs. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10:1455-1459. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2011.1455.1459
  4. Ferket, P. R., E. van Heugten, T. A. T. G. van Kempen and R. Angel. 2002. Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from nonruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 80(E. Suppl. 2), E168-E182. https://doi.org/10.2527/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E168x
  5. Halama, D. 1990. Single cell protein. In: Nonconventional Feedstuffs in the Nutrition of Farm Animals (Ed. K. Boda). Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. 655 Avenue of Americas, New York, N.Y. 10010. pp. 34-49.
  6. Han, J. G., G. G. Kang, J. K. Kim and S. H. Kim. 2002. The present status and future of Chlorella. Food Sci. Ind. 6:64-69.
  7. Hasegawa, T., K. Noda, S. Kumamoto, Y. Ando, A. Yamada and Y. Yoshikai. 2000. Chlorella vulgaris culture supernatant (CVS) reduces psychological stressinduced apoptosis in thymocytes of mice. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 22:877-885 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(00)00049-7
  8. Janczyk, P., B. Halle and B. Souffrant. 2009. Microbial community composition of the crop and ceca contents of laying hens fed diets supplemented with Chlorella vulgaris. Poult. Sci. 88:2324-2332. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00250
  9. Justo, G. Z., M. R. Silva and M. L. S. Queiroz. 2001. Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal Ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 23:119-132. https://doi.org/10.1081/IPH-100102573
  10. Keijiro, U. 2011. Method for producing Chlorella fermented food. United States Patent. Patent No.: US 7,914,832 B2
  11. Lin, Y. C. 1969. The supplementary effect of algae on the nutritive value of soybean milk. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 68:15-21.
  12. Nagy, B. and P. Z. Fekete. 1999. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet. Res. 30:259-284.
  13. NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 9th rev, ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  14. Phang, S. M. 1992. Role of algae in livestock-fish integrated farming system. Proceedings of the FAO/IPT Workshop on Integrated Livestock-Fish Production System (Ed. T. K. Mukherjee, P. S. Moi, J. M. Panandam and Y. S. Yang); 16-20 Dec., 1991, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 49-56.
  15. Rania, M. A. and M. T. Hala. 2008. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cyanobacteria and green microalgae. Evaluation of medium components by placket-burman design for antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis. Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 3:22-31.
  16. Williams, C. H., D. J. David and O. Iismaa. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. Agric. Sci. 59:381-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960001546X
  17. Yan, L., Q. W. Meng, X. Ao, T. X. Zhou, J. S. Yoo, H. J. Kim and I. H. Kim. 2011a. Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs pigs fed low-nutrient-density diets. Livest. Sci. 137: 255-259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.024
  18. Yan, L., J. P. Wang, H. J. Kim, Q. W. Meng, X. Ao, S. M. Hong and I. H. Kim. 2010b. Influence of essential oil supplementation and diets with different nutrient densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in grower-finisher pigs. Livest. Sci. 128:115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.008
  19. Yan, L., Q. W. Meng and I. H. Kim. 2011b. The effect of an herb extract mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and fecal noxious gas content in growing pigs. Livest. Sci. 141:143-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.011
  20. Yan, L., J. P. Wang and I. H. Kim. 2012a. Effects of different fermented soy protein and apparent ileal digestible lysine levels on weaning pigs fed fermented soy protein amended diets. Anim. Sci. J. 83:403-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00966.x
  21. Yan, L., Q. W. Meng and I. H. Kim. 2012b. Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Anim. Sci. J. 83:411-417 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00973.x
  22. Yan, L., Q. W. Meng and I. H. Kim. 2012c. Effect of an herb extract mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristic, and fecal microbial shedding in weaning pigs. Livest. Sci. 145:189-195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.001
  23. Zheng, L. S. T. Oh, J. Y. Jeon, B. H. Moon, H. S. Kwon, S. U. Lim, B. K. An and C. W. Kang. 2012. The dietary effects of fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT) on production performance, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25:261-266. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.11273

Cited by

  1. Effects of Dietary Fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT®) on Growth Performance, Relative Organ Weights, Cecal Microflora, Tibia Bone Characteristics, and Meat Qualities in Pekin Ducks vol.28, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0473
  2. The chlorococcalean alga Chlorella in animal nutrition: a review vol.27, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0516-y
  3. The effects of three total mixed rations with different concentrate to maize silage ratios and different levels of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on in vitro total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production vol.155, pp.03, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859616000812
  4. Influence of fermented fish meal supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, and fecal microflora of weaning pigs vol.46, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000500010
  5. ) vol.48, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13364
  6. Rapeseed meal and canola meal can partially replace soybean meal as a protein source in finishing pigs vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1284076
  7. Effects of fermentedcorni fructusand fermented kelp on growth performance, meat quality, and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide from broiler chicken droppings vol.55, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.960804
  8. Dietary supplementation effects of Chlorella vulgaris on performances, oxidative stress status and antioxidant enzymes activities of prepubertal New Zealand White rabbits vol.43, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0213-8
  9. Overall assessment of fermented feed for pigs: a series of meta-analyses vol.97, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz350
  10. Evaluation of dietary probiotic (Bacillus subtilis KMP-BCP-1 and Bacillus licheniformis KMP-9) supplementation and their effects on broiler chickens in a tropical region vol.48, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1804916
  11. Effects of Microalgae Species on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Pattern and Methane Production vol.20, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0061
  12. Enhanced Viability and Anti-rotavirus Effect of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum in Combination With Chlorella sorokiniana in a Dairy Product vol.11, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00875
  13. Applications of microalgaChlorella vulgarisin aquaculture vol.12, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12320
  14. 자돈에서 대체 단백질 원료사료의 외관상 회장 아미노산 소화율 및 표준 회장 아미노산 소화율 평가 vol.21, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2020.21.6.358
  15. A High Dietary Incorporation Level of Chlorella vulgaris Improves the Nutritional Value of Pork Fat without Impairing the Performance of Finishing Pigs vol.10, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122384
  16. Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats vol.28, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11474-9
  17. Effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a Feed Ingredient on the Quality and Nutritional Value of Weaned Piglets’ Meat vol.10, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061155
  18. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 6: Macrolides: tilmicosin, tylosin and tylvalosin vol.19, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6858
  19. Mouse Bioassay Acute and Subchronic Safety Assessment of Biomass from Swine Wastewater Phycoremediation vol.12, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01470-6