Anxiety and mood (대한불안의학회지)

Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorders (대한불안의학회)
권호 표지

Implicit and Explicit Memory Bias in Panic Disorder

공황장애의 암묵 및 외현기억 편향

  • Jung, Na-Young (Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Ewah Trauma Research Lab.) ;
  • Chae, Jeong-Ho (Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Kyoung-Uk (Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine)
  • 정나영 (이화여자대학교 일반대학원 상담심리, 이화트라우마 연구소) ;
  • 채정호 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 이경욱 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2011.12.16
  • Accepted : 2012.04.09
  • Published : 2012.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Patients with panic disoder (PD) show recollection of their first panic attack, which resembles a trauma that is perceived as an unexpected frightening and subjectively life-threatening event. Information-processing models suggest that anxiety disorders may be characterized by a memory bias for threat-related information. This paper reviews the previous researches that investigated the implicit and/or explicit biases in patients with panic disorder. Among the 17 studies, which addressed the explicit memory bias in PD patients, 11 (64.7%) were found to be explicit memory bias in PD patients. In regards to the implicit memory bias, 4 out of 9 studies (44.4%) were found to support the memory bias. The result shows that evidence of explicit memory bias in PD patients was supported by a number of previous researches. However, evidence of implicit memory bias seems less robust, thus, needs further research for replication. Also, development of new paradigms and applications of various methods will be needed in further researches on memory bias in PD patients.

Keywords

References

  1. David MC. A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986;24:461-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2
  2. Cloitre M, Shear MK. Implicit and explicit memory for catastrophic associations to bodily sensation words in panic disorder. Cognitive Therapy & Research 1994;18:225-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02357777
  3. Lissek S, Rabin S, Heller RE, Lukenbaugh D, Geraci M, Pine DS, et al. Overgeneralization of Conditioned Fear as a Pathogenic Marker of Panic Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:47-55. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030410
  4. Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL. Anxiety disorders and phobias: a cognitive perspective. Basic Books, New York; 1985.
  5. Bower GH. Mood and memory. Am Psychol 1981;36:129-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129
  6. Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986;24:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9
  7. Teachman BA, Smith-Janik SB, Saporito J. Information processing biases and panic disorder: Relationships among cognitive and symptom measures. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007;45:1791-1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.009
  8. Amir N, McNally RJ, Riemann BC, Clements C. Implicit memory bias for threat in panic disorder: application of the 'white noise' paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996; 34: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00054-2
  9. Becker E, Rinck M, Margraf J. Memory Bias in Panic Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1994;103:396-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.396
  10. Cloitre M, Liebowitz MR. Memory bias in panic disorder: An investigation of the cognitive avoidance hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1991;15:371-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173032
  11. McNally RJ, Foa EB, Donnell CD. Memory bias for anxiety information in patients with panic disorder. Cognition & Emotion 1989;3: 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938908415234
  12. Rugg MD, Mark RE, Walla P, Schloerscheidt AM, Birch CS, Allan K. Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory. Nature 1998;392:595-598. https://doi.org/10.1038/33396
  13. Schott B, Richardson-Klavehn A, Heinze HJ, Düzel E. Perceptual Priming Versus Explicit Memory: Dissociable Neural Correlates at Encoding. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2002;14:578-592. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045828
  14. Graf P, Schacter DL. Implicit and Explicit Memory for New Associations in Normal and Amnesic Subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1985;11:501-518. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501
  15. Richardson-klavehn A, Bjork RA. Measures of Memory. Annual Re-view of Psychology 1988;39:475. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.002355
  16. Graf P, Mandler G. Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1984;23:553-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90346-3
  17. Lundh LG, Czyzykow S, Ost LG. Explicit and implicit memory bias in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research & Therapy 1997;35:1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00063-6
  18. Kristin M. Memory Bias for Threatening Information in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin 2008;134:886-911. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013343
  19. Coles ME, Heimberg RG. Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: Current status. Clinical Psychology Review 2002;22:587-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00113-1
  20. Pauli P, Dengler W, Wiedemann G. Implicit and explicit memory processes in panic patients as reflected in behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2005;36:111-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.08.003
  21. Maratos EJ, Allan K, Rugg MD. Recognition memory for emotionally negative and neutral words: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 1452-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00061-0
  22. Windmann S, Kutas M. Electrophysiological Correlates of Emotion-Induced Recognition Bias. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2001; 13:577. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892901750363172
  23. Pauli P, Amrhein C, Muhlberger A, Dengler W, Wiedemann G. Ele-ctrocortical evidence for an early abnormal processing of panic-related words in panic disorder patients. Int J Psychophysiol 2005;57: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.009
  24. Neidhardt E, Florin I. Do Patients with Panic Disorder Show a Memory Bias? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1998;67:71-74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000012262
  25. Teachman B. Information Processing and Anxiety Sensitivity: Cognitive Vulnerability to Panic Reflected in Interpretation and Memory Biases. Cognitive Therapy & Research 2005;29:479-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-0627-5
  26. Beck AT, Clark DA. An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997;35:49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00069-1
  27. Beck JG, Stanley MA, Averill PM, Baldwin LE, Deagle Iii EA. Attention and memory for threat in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1992;30:619-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(92)90007-4
  28. Hagenaars MA, van Minnen A, Hoogduin KA. Reliving and disorganization in posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder memories. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009;197:627-630. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b08bdf