Journal of Animal Science and Technology

Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology (한국축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Genotype Frequencies of the Sex-Linked Feathering and Their Phenotypes in Domestic Chicken Breeds for the Establishment of Auto-Sexing Strains

자가성감별 계통 조성을 위한 국내 토종 닭의 깃털 조만성 양상과 유전자형 빈도

  • Sohn, Sea-Hwan (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, Dhan-Bee (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Song, Hae-Ran (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Cho, Eun-Jung (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Kang, Bo-Seok (National Institute of Animal Science, RDA) ;
  • Suh, Ok-Suk (National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
  • 손시환 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 박단비 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 송혜란 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 조은정 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 강보석 (농촌진흥청 국립축산과학원) ;
  • 서옥석 (농촌진흥청 국립축산과학원)
  • Received : 2012.05.25
  • Accepted : 2012.08.22
  • Published : 2012.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The method of sexing based on differences in the rate of feather growth provides a convenient and inexpensive approach. The locus of feather development gene (K) is located on the Z chromosome and can be utilized to produce phenotypes that distinguish between the sexes of chicks at hatching. To establish the auto-sexing native chicken strains, this study analyzed the genotype frequency of the feathering in domestic chicken breeds. The method of classification of slow- and rapid-feathering chickens was also investigated. In the slow-feathering chicks, the coverts were either the same length or longer than the primary wing feathers at hatching. However, the rapid-feathering chicks had the primary wing feathers that were longer than the coverts. The growth pattern of tail feather also distinctively differed between the rapid- and slow-feathering chicks after 5-days. The accuracy of wing feather sexing was about 98% compared with tail sexing. In domestic chicken breeds, Korean Black Cornish, Korean Rhode Island Red, and Korean Native Chicken-Red had both dominant (K) and recessive ($k^+$) feathering genes. The other breeds of chickens, Korean Brown Cornish, Ogol, White Leghorn, Korean Native Chicken-Yellow, -Gray, -White and -Black had only the recessive feathering gene ($k^+$). Consequently, feather sexing is available using the domestic chicken breeds. Establishing the maternal stock with dominant gene (K-) and paternal stock with recessive gene ($k^+k^+$), the slow-feathering characteristic is passed from mothers to their sons, and the rapid-feathering characteristic is inherited by daughters from their fathers.

초생추의 성 감별은 양계산업에서 대단히 중요하다. 현재 대표적인 병아리의 암수 감별 방법은 우모 발생속도에 관여하는 반성유전자를 이용하여 깃털의 형태적 차이로 성을 식별하는 방법이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 자가성감별 토종 닭 종계 개발을 위하여 국내 보유하고 있는 토종 순계를 대상으로 깃털 조만성의 분포 양상 및 이의 유전자형 빈도를 분석하고 더불어 병아리의 깃털 발생 양상에 따른 조우성과 만우성의 식별 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 발생 직후 병아리의 주부익우 형태에 따른 조만우성의 식별은 조우성의 경우 주익우가 부익우보다 현저히 길어 형태적 차이가 뚜렷하나, 만우성은 주부익우 간의 차이가 없었다. 또한 꼬리 깃 형태에 따른 조만성의 식별은 5일령 이후 조우성의 경우 꼬리 깃의 성장이 현저하게 나타나는 반면 만우성의 경우 이러한 성장이 보이지 않았다. 두 방법 공히 깃털 형태에 따른 조만우성의 구분이 가능하였고, 주부익우 형태와 꼬리 깃 성장에 의한 식별 간의 판정 일치도는 98% 정도로서 발생 직후 주부익우의 형태적 차이로 거의 모든 개체에서 조만우성의 식별이 가능한 것으로 사료된다. 공시된 품종들의 조만우성 분포 양상 및 유전자형 빈도는 토종 외래계인 흑색 코니시종, 로드아일랜드레드종 및 한국재래닭 적갈색종에서만 조우성과 만우성 개체가 혼재하여 분포하는 것으로 나타났고, 이들 모두 열성 조만성 유전자 빈도가 훨씬 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 반면 국내 토종 순계로서 갈색 코니시종, 오골계, 한국재래닭 황갈색종, 회갈색종, 백색종, 흑색종 및 백색레그혼종들은 모두 조우성만 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 국내 토종 품종을 이용하여 병아리의 깃털 성 감별이 가능함을 시사하는 것으로 만우성 모 계통과 조우성 부 계통을 조성한다면 생산되는 병아리의 깃털 형태로서 쉽게 암수 구분이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bacon, L. D., Fadly, A. M. and Crittenden, L. B. 1986. Absence of influence on immune competence by the sex-linked gene (K) determining slow feathering in white leghorn chickens. Avian Dis. 30(4):751-760. https://doi.org/10.2307/1590580
  2. Bacon, L. D., Smith, E., Crittenden, L. B. and Havenstein, G. B. 1988. Association of the slow feathering (K) and an endogenous viral (ev21) gene on the Z chromosome of chickens. Poult. Sci. 67(2):191-197. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670191
  3. Bernier, P. E. and Arscott, G. H. 1960. Relative efficiency of sex linked dwarf layers and their normal sisters. Poult. Sci. 39:1234-1235.
  4. Bitgood, J. J. 1985. Additional linkage relationships within the Z chromosome of the chicken. Poult. Sci. 64(12):2234-2238. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0642234
  5. Bitgood, J. J. 1988. Linear relationship of the loci for barring, dermal melanin inhibitor, and recessive white skin on the chicken Z chromosome. Poult. Sci. 67(4):530-533. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670530
  6. Bitgood, J. J. 1999. Linkage relationships of the Z-linked silver, slow feathering, and pop-eye loci. Poult. Sci. 78(8):1100-1101. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.8.1100
  7. Bitgood, J. J. and Whitley, R. D. 1986. Pop-eye: an inherited Z-linked keratoglobus in the chicken. J. Hered. 77(2):123-125. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110183
  8. Bitgood, J. J., Rozum, J. J. and Rozum, J. J. 1996. Close linkage relationship of the Z-linked pop-eye and silver plumage color loci in the chicken. Poult. Sci. 75(9):1067-1068. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0751067
  9. Burghelle-Mayeur, C., Demarne, Y. and Mérat, P. 1989. Influence of the sex-linked dwarfing gene (dw) on the lipid composition of plasma, egg yolk and abdominal fat pad in White Leghorn laying hens: effect of dietary fat. J. Nutr. 119(10):1361-1368. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/119.10.1361
  10. Campo, J. L. 1991. Use of the sex-linked barring (B) gene for chick sexing on an eumelanotic columbian background. Poult. Sci. 70(7):1469-1473. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701469
  11. Carte, I. F. and Smith, J. H. 1969. Degree of linkage between the silver plumage (S) and slow juvenile feathering (K) loci. Poult. Sci. 48(1):343-344. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0480343
  12. Cole, R. K. 2000. An autosomal dwarfism in the domestic fowl. Poult. Sci. 79:1507-1516. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.11.1507
  13. Cole, R. K. and Austic, R. E. 1980. Hereditary uricemia and articular gout in chickens. Poult. Sci. 59:951-960. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0590951
  14. Collins, W. M., Kahn A. C. III, Teeri, A. E., Zervas N. P. and Costantino, R. F. 1968. The effect of sex-linked barring and rate of feathering genes, and of stock, upon egg yolk cholesterol. Poult. Sci. 47:1518-1526. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0471518
  15. Collins, W. M., Teeri, A. E., Kahn, A. C. III, Zervas, N. P. and Costantino, R. F. 1970. The influence of sex-linked barring and rate of feathering genes, and of stock, upon egg riboflavin and vitamin B12. Poult. Sci. 49(2):432-439. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0490432
  16. Dorshorst, B. J. and Ashwell, C. M. 2009.Genetic mapping of the sex-linked barring gene in the chicken. Poult. Sci. 88(9):1811-1817. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00134
  17. Dunnington, E. A. and Siegel, P. B. 1986. Sex-linked featheringalleles (K, $k^{+}$) in chickens of diverse genetic backgrounds. 1. Body temperatures and body weights. Poult. Sci 65:209-214. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0650209
  18. Elferink, M. G., Vallee, A. A. A., Jungerius, A. P., Crooijmans, R. P. M. A. and Groenen, M. A. M. 2008. Partial duplication of the PRLR and SPEF2 genes at the late feathering locus in chicken. BMC Genomics 9:391. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-391
  19. Fotsa, J. C., Merat, P. and Bordas, A. 2001. Effect of the slow (K) or rapid ($k^{+}$) feathering gene on body and feather growth and fatness according to ambient temperature in a Leghorn ${\times}$ brown egg type cross. Genet. Sel. Evol. 33(6):659-670. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-33-6-659
  20. Gawron, M. F. and Smyth, J. R. Jr. 1980. The use of blue-splashed white down in color sexing crosses. Poult. Sci. 59(11):2369-2372. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0592369
  21. Godfrey, G. F. and Farnsworth, G. M. Jr. 1952. Relation of the sex-linked rapid feathering gene to chick growth and mortality. Poult. Sci. 31:65-68. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0310065
  22. Goodman, B. L. and Muir, F. V. 1965. The influence of comb and feathering phenotypes on body weight and dressing percentage in broilers. Poult. Sci. 44:644-648. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0440644
  23. Hamoen, F. F., Van Kaam, J. B., Groenen, M. A., Vereijken, A. L. and Bovenhuis, H. 2001. Detection of genes on the Zchromosome affecting growth and feathering in broilers. Poult. Sci. 80(5):527-534. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.5.527
  24. Harris, D. L., Garwood, V. A., Lowe, P. C., Hester, P. Y., Crittenden, L. B. and Fadly, A. M. 1984. Influence of sex-linked feathering phenotypes of parents and progeny upon lymphoid leukosis virus infection status and egg production. Poult. Sci. 63(3):401-413. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0630401
  25. Hays, F. A. 1951. Rate of chick feathering and growing chick weight in Rhode Island Reds. Poult. Sci. 30:866-869. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0300866
  26. Hellstrom, A. R., Sundstrom, E., Gunnarsson, U., Bed'Hom, B., Tixier-Boichard, M., Honaker, C. F., Sahlqvist, A. S., Jensen, P., Kampe, O., Siegel, P. B., Kerje, S. and Andersson, L. 2010 Sex-linked barring in chickens is controlled by the CDKN2A /B tumour suppressor locus. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 23(4): 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00700.x
  27. Henderson, E. W. 1959. Sex identification by down color of silver laced and "Red Laced Silver" chicks. Poult. Sci. 38:599-602. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0380599
  28. Hertwig, P. and Rittershaus, T. 1929. Die Erbfacktoren der Haushiihener. Zeitschr fur ind. Abstammungs und Vererbungslehre 51:354-372.
  29. Hurry, H. F. and Nordskog, A. W. 1953. A genetic analysis of chick feathering and its influence on growth rate. Poult. Sci. 32: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0320018
  30. Hutt, F. B. 1959. Sex-linked dwarfism in the fowl. J. Hered. 50: 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106909
  31. Iraqi, F. D. R. and Smith, E. J. 1995. A restriction enzyme map of the sex-linked late-feathering locus of chickens. Poult. Sci. 74:1515-1519. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0741515
  32. Kerje, S., Lind, J., Schutz, K., Jensen, P. and Andersson, L. 2003. Melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R) mutations are associated with plumage colour in chicken. Anim. Genet. 34:241-248. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00991.x
  33. Khosravinia, H. 2009. Effect of the slow (K) or rapid ($k^{+}$) feathering gene on carcass related traits of broiler chickens selected for breast and thighs weight. Genetika 45(1):112-118.
  34. Lakshmanan, N., Ponce de Leon F. A., Smyth J. R. and Smith E. J. 1992. Chromosomal assignment of the evil locus in chickens using fluorescent in situ suppression hybridization (FISH). Page 10 in: 10th European Colloquium on cytogenetics of Domestic Animals. A. A. Bosma, ed. University Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  35. Levin, I., Crittenden, L. B. and Dodgson, J. B. 1993. Genetic map of the chicken Z chromosome using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomics 16(1):224-230. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1993.1163
  36. Lowe, P. C., Wilson, S. P. and Harrington R. B. 1965. Association of some qualitative and quantitative traits in chickens. Poult. Sci. 44:106-112. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0440106
  37. Martin, J. H. 1929. Rate of feather growth in Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. Poult. Sci. 8:167-183. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0080167
  38. Martin, J. H. 1934. Review the 'Sexing baby chicks by Masui and Hashimoto, 1933'. Poult. Sci. 13(3):190. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0130190
  39. McGibbon, W. H. 1977. A sex-linked mutation affecting rate of feathering in chickens Poult. Sci. 56:872-875. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0560872
  40. McGibbon, W. H. 1981. White skin: a Z-linked recessive mutation in the fowl. J. Hered. 72(2):139-140. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109450
  41. Merat, P., Minvielle, F., Bordas, A. and Coquerelle, G. 1994. Heterosis in normal versus dwarf laying hens. Poult. Sci. 73(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730001
  42. Mueller, C. D. and Moultrie, F. 1952. Classification of sex-linked early and late feathering in 10-week-old chickens. Poult. Sci. 31: 171-172. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0310171
  43. Nickerson, M. 1944. An experimental analysis of barred pattern formation in feathers. J. Exp. Zool. 95:361-394. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400950305
  44. Ohh, B. K., Sohn, S. H. and Cho, Y. Y. 1992. Breeding of new synthetic egg production line in domestic chicken by introducing sex linked gene. I. Production of the autosexing breed. K. J. Poul. Sci. 19:113-123.
  45. Ohh, B. K., Sohn, S. H. and Cho, Y. Y. 1993. Breeding of new synthetic egg production line in domestic chicken by introducing sex linked gene. II. Selection of superior lines from cross breeding. K. J. Poul. Sci. 20:1-9.
  46. Plumart, P. E. and Mueller, C. D. 1954. Effect of sex-linked early feathering on plumage from 6 to 12 weeks of age. Poult. Sci. 33:715-721. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0330715
  47. Punnett, R. C. 1923. Heredity in poultry. Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London, UK.
  48. Saeki, Y. and Katsuragi, T. 1961. Effect of early and late feathering gene on growth on New Hampshire, Leghorns and their crossbreds. Poult. Sci. 40:1612-1616. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0401612
  49. SAFRS. 2011. Chicken sexing, primary industries and fisheries, Queensland government, Web http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/27_2712.htm.
  50. Sato, S., Otake, T., Suzuki, C., Saburi, J. and Kobayashi, E. 2007. Mapping of the recessive white locus and analysis of the tyrosinase gene in chickens. Poult. Sci. 86(10):2126-2133. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.10.2126
  51. Serebrovsky, A. S. 1922. Crossing-over involving three sex-linked genes in chickens. Amer. Nat. 56:571-572. https://doi.org/10.1086/279898
  52. Siegel, P. B., Mueller, C. D. and Craig, J. V. 1957. Some phenotypic differences among homozygous, heterozygous, and hemizygous late feathering chicks. Poult. Sci. 36:232-239. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0360232
  53. Smith, E. J. and Fadly, A. M. 1988. Influence of congenital transmission of endogenous virus 21 on the immune response to avian leucosis virus infection and the incidence of tumors in chickens. Poult. Sci. 67:1674-1679. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0671674
  54. Smith, E. J. and Fadly, A. M. 1994. Male-mediated venereal transmission of endogenous avian leucosis virus. Poult. Sci. 73(4):488-494. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730488
  55. Smith, E. J. and Levin, I. 1991. Application of a locus-specific DNA hybridization probe in the analysis of the slow-feathering endogenous virus complex of chickens. Poult. Sci. 70(9): 1957-1964. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701957
  56. Smith, E. J. and Nelsen, T. C. 1993. Effect of tumor virus susceptibility alleles on the late-feathering gene K on early growth of White Leghorns. Poult. Sci. 72(8):1400-1404. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0721400
  57. Somes, R. G. 1969. Delayed feathering, a third allele at the K locus of the domestic fowl. J. Hered. 60(5):281-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107994
  58. Somes, R. G. 1970. The influence of the rate of feathering allele Kn on various quantitative traits in chickens. Poult. Sci. 49:1251-1256. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0491251
  59. Somes, R. G. Jr. 1975. Pleiotrophic effects of the sex-linked delayed feathering gene, K-n, in the chicken. Poult. Sci. 54(1):208-216. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0540208
  60. Spillman, W. J. 1908. Spurious allelomorphism: Results of some recent investigations. Am. Nat. 42:610-615. https://doi.org/10.1086/278980
  61. Stewart, P. A., Washburn, K. W. and Marks, H. L. 1984. Effect of the dwgene on growth, plasma hormone concentrations and hepatic enzyme activity in a randombred population of chickens. Growth 48(1):59-73.
  62. Tixier-Boichard, M. H., Benkel, B. F., Chambers, J. R. and Gavora, J. S. 1994. Screening chickens for endogenous virus ev21 viral element by the polymerase chain reaction. Poult. Sci. 73(10):1612-1616. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731612
  63. Tixier-Boichard, M., Decuypere, E., Huybrechts, L., Kuhn, E. and Merat, P. 1990. Effects of dietary T3 on growth parameters and hormone levels in normal and sex-linked dwarf chickens. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 7(4):573-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(90)90014-Q
  64. Vasilatos-Younken, R., Dunnington, E. A., Siegel, P. B. and McMurtry, J. P. 1997. Tissue-specific alterations in insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in response to 3,3',5-triiodo-Lthyronine supplementation in the growth hormone receptordeficient sex-linked dwarf chicken. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 105 (1):31-39. https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.6795
  65. Warren, D. C. 1925. Inheritance of rate of feathering in poultry. J. Hered. 16:13-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a102502
  66. Warren, D. C. 1976. Feather-sexing chicks. Poult. Tribune 82(2): 32-34.
  67. Zhang, X. Y., Huang, F. M., Zhao, D. W. and Bu, Z. 2000. Observation on sex-linkage inheritance of skin color in some local breeds of chicken. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 27(10):866-869.

Cited by

  1. Influence of Early- and Late-feathering Phenotype on Productive Performance in the Feather-sexing Strains of Korean Native Chicken vol.40, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2013.40.3.263
  2. The breeding history and commercial development of the Korean native chicken vol.73, pp.01, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1017/S004393391600088X
  3. Study on the Characteristics of Feather Developing Pattern and Morphology in Early- and Late-Feathering Korean Native Chickens vol.45, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2018.45.3.155