Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Human Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by Breast Milk Feeding of Infants

영유아의 모유 섭취에 따른 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르의 위해성 평가

  • We, Sung-Ug (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Cho, Bong-Hui (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Cho, Yu-Jin (Kyungnam Environmental Toxicology Reserch Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Yoon, Cho-Hee (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Choi, Shi-Nai (Division of Environmental Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Min, Byung-Yun (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University)
  • 위성욱 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 조봉희 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 조유진 (안전성평가연구소 경남환경독성본부) ;
  • 윤조희 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 최시내 (성균관대학교 약학대학 위생약학실) ;
  • 민병윤 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과)
  • Received : 2011.10.31
  • Accepted : 2012.02.24
  • Published : 2012.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study achieves results from 22 maternity breast milk samples in total to demonstrate exposure level and risk assessment of PBDEs in Seoul area. PBDEs were detected in all the breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these Seoul area are widely exposed to these chemicals. Residue levels of total PBDEs (sum PBDEs from tri- to hepta-BDE) ranged of 0.84~13.1 ng/g lipid with an arithmetic mean and median of 3.56 ng/g lipid and 2.6 ng/g lipid, respectively. Global comparison shows that the levels of total PBDEs were relatively similar to those of China, Taiwan and European country (Sweden), and somewhat higher than those in some Asian (Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia). In the present study, however, the levels of total PBDEs in human milk are still one to two orders of magnitude lower than those in North America. Contribution rate of each congener appeared to be predominant with BDE-47, followed by BDE-153, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-154 and BDE-183. The sum of BDE-47 and BDE-153 accounted for more than 65% of total PBDEs in most samples. From the result of the human risk assessment of infants for total PBDEs and BDE-47 by breast milk feeding, we could find out that the average daily doses and hazard index (95th percentile) were 16.5 ng/kg bw/day and $1.2{\times}10^{-1}$ each other when nursing for 6 months after infants born. However, it was concluded that the infant health hardly had adverse seriously effects under this research condition.

본 연구는 한국인 산모의 모유 중 PBDEs의 노출수준 및 위해성평가를 위해 서울지역에서 총 22개의 모유시료를 대상으로 분석되었다. PBDEs는 모든 대상 모유시료에서 검출되어, 이러한 화학물질이 서울지역에 거주하는 일반인에게 광범위하게 노출되었음을 시사한다. ${\Sigma}PBDEs$의 잔류수준은 0.84~13.1 ng/g lipid의 범위로 산술평균 농도는 3.56 ng/g lipid, 중앙값은 2.6 ng/g lipid이었다. 모유 중 ${\Sigma}PBDEs$ 농도 수준은 중국, 대만, 유럽국가(스위덴)와 유사하고 몇몇 아시아(베트남, 필리핀, 인도네시아)보다는 다소 높았다. 그러나 세계에서 PBDEs 소비가 가장 많은 북아메리카의 농도 수준보다는 10~100배 낮은 농도였다. 이성질체 기여율은 BDE-47이 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 BDE-153, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-28, BDE-183 그리고 BDE-154 순이었다. BDE-47과 BDE-153의 합은 대부분의 시료에서 ${\Sigma}PBDEs$의 약 65% 이상을 차지하였다. 영아의 모유 수유에 따른 ${\Sigma}PBDEs$ 위해성 평가 결과 영아의 모유 수유를 통한 6개월간 평균일일노출량은 16.5 ng/kg bw/day로 산출되었으며, BDE-47의 인체노출에 따른 위해도 지수(95th percentile)는 $1.2{\times}10^{-1}$로 예측되어 6개월간 모유 수유로 인한 영아의 건강유해영향은 나타나지 않을 것으로 평가되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. de Wit, C. A., "An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment," Chemosphere, 46, 583-624(2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9
  2. Darnerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S., Johannesson, T., Larsen, P. B. and Vilekula, M., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology," Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 49-68(2001). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s149
  3. Hardy, M. L., "The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants," Chemosphere, 46, 757-777(2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00240-5
  4. Zhou, T., Taylor, M. M., DeVito, M. J. and Crofton, K. M., "Developmental exposure to brominated diphenylethers results in thyroid hormone disruption," Toxicol. Sci., 66, 105- 116(2002). https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/66.1.105
  5. Eriksson, P., Viberg, H. and Fredrikson, A., "Brominated flame retardant: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment" Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 903-908 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109903
  6. Malarvannan, G., Kunisue, T., Isobe, T., Sudaryanto, A., Takahashi, S., Prudente, M., Subramanian, A. and Tanabe, S., "Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Payatas and Malate, the Philippines: Levels, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk," Environ. Pollut., 157, 1924-1932(2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.010
  7. Mazadai, A., Dodder, N. G., Abernathy, M. P., Hites, R. A. and Bigsby, R. M., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples," Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1249-1252(2003). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6146
  8. Schecter, A., Joshnson-Welch, S., Kuang, C. T., Harris, R. T., Paepke, O. and Rosen, R., "Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in livers of US human fetuses and newborns," J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 70, 1-6(2007).
  9. Jaraczewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba- Skotarczak, A., Drews, K. and Schepens, P., "Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland," Sci. Total Environ., 372, 20-31(2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.030
  10. Gill, U., Chu, I., Ryan, J. J. and Feeley, M., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: human tissue levels and toxicology," Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 183, 55-97(2004).
  11. World Health Organization, "Levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in Human Milk-Protocol for Second Round of Exposure Studies," WHO-Regional Office for Europe, 1992.
  12. U.S. EPA, "Exposure Factors Handbook-Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC., http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm(2008).
  13. 보건복지부, "2005년도 국민건강.영양조사 제3기-영양조사부문(I), 130-159(2006).
  14. Bi, X., Qu, W., Sheng, G., Zhang, W., Mai, B., Chen, D., Yu, L. and Fu, J., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk," Environ. Pollut., 144, 1024-1030(2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.056
  15. Chao, H. R., Wang, S. L., Lee, W. J., Wang, Y. F. and Papke, O., "Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects," Environ. Int., 33, 239-245(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013
  16. Lind, Y., Darnerud, P. O., Atuma, S., Aune, M., Becker, W., Bjerselius, R., Cnattingius, S. and Glynn, A., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden," Environ. Res., 93, 186-194(2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00049-5
  17. Sudaryanto, A., Kajiwara, N., Tsydenova, O., Iwata, H., Adibroto, T. A., Yu, H., Chung, K. H., Subramanian, A., Prudente, M., Tana, T. S. and Tanabe, S., "Global contamination of PBDEs in human milk from Asia," Organohal. Comp., 67, 1315-1318(2005).
  18. Sudaryanto, A., Kajiwara, N., Takahashi, S. and Tanabe, S., "Geographical distribution and accumulation features of PBDEs in human breast milk from Indonesia," Environ. Pollut., 151, 130-138(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.02.016
  19. Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Papke, O., Ryan, J. J., Birnbaum, L. and Rosen, R., "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk," Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1723- 1729(2003). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6466
  20. Birnbaum, L. B. and Staskal, D. F., "Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern?," Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 9-17(2003). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6559
  21. Eriksson, P., Viberg, H., Jakobsson, E., Orn, U. and Fredriksson, A., "A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development," Toxicol. Sci., 67, 98-103(2002). https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/67.1.98
  22. Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A. and Eriksson, P., "Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209)," Neurotoxicol., 28, 136-142(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006
  23. McDonald, T. A., "A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs," Chemosphere, 46, 745-755(2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00239-9
  24. Jones-Otazo, H. A., Clarke, J. P., Diamond, M. L., Archbold, J. A., Ferguson, G. and Harner, T., "Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs," Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5121-5230(2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/es048267b
  25. Kuriyama, S. N., Chris, E., Talsness, Grote, K. and Chahoud, I., "Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: 1-effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring," Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 149-154(2005).
  26. Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A., Eriksson, P., "Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice," Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 192, 95-106(2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00217-5
  27. Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A. and Eriksson, P., "Deranged spontaneous behaviour decrease in cholinergic muscarinic receptors in jippocampus in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)," Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 20 (2), 283-288(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2005.02.004
  28. Chao, H. R., Wang, S. L., Su, P. H., Yu, H. Y., Yu, S. T. and Papke, O., "Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in primipara breast milk from Taiwan: estimation of dioxins and furans intake for breastfed infants," J. Hazard. Mater., A121, 1-10(2005).
  29. Hsu, J. F., Guo, Y. L., Liu, C. H., Hu, S. C., Wang, J. N. and Liao, P. C., "A comparison of PCDD/PCDFs exposure in infants via formula milk or breast milk feeding," Chemosphere, 66, 311-319(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.089