DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Carotenoids and total phenolic contents in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea

  • Yoon, Gun-Ae (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University) ;
  • Yeum, Kyung-Jin (Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University) ;
  • Cho, Yoon-Suk (Florida Coastal School of Law) ;
  • Chen, C.Y. Oliver (Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University) ;
  • Tang, Guangwen (Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University) ;
  • Blumberg, Jeffrey B. (Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University) ;
  • Russell, Robert M. (Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health) ;
  • Yoon, Sun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University) ;
  • LeeKim, Yang Cha (Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University)
  • 투고 : 2012.05.11
  • 심사 : 2012.09.05
  • 발행 : 2012.12.31

초록

Phytochemicals are reported to provide various biological functions leading to the promotion of health as well as the reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fat-soluble plant pigments, carotenoids, are extensively studied micronutrient phytochemicals for their potential health benefits. It is noteworthy that specific carotenoids may be responsible for different protective effects against certain diseases. In addition, each carotenoid can be obtained from different types of plant foods. Considering the fact that the phytochemical content in foods can vary according to, but not limited to, the varieties and culture conditions, it is important to establish a database of phytochemicals in locally produced plant foods. Currently, information on individual carotenoid content in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea is lacking. As the first step to support the production and consumption of sustainable local plant foods, carotenoids and total phenolic contents of plant foods commonly consumed in Korea are presented and their potential biological functions are discussed in this review.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Vattem DA, Ghaedian R, Shetty K. Enhancing health benefits of berries through phenolic antioxidant enrichment: focus on cranberry. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2005;14:120-30.
  2. Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:922-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.4.922
  3. Van Duyn MA, Pivonka E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: selected literature. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1511-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00420-X
  4. Liu RH. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:517S-520S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S
  5. Temple NJ. Antioxidants and disease: more questions than answers. Nutr Res 2000;20:449-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00138-X
  6. Willett WC. Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science 2002;296:695-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071055
  7. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT, Yannuzzi LA, Willett W. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 1994;272:1413-20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032
  8. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC, Taylor A. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1009-19. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.7.1009
  9. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305:335-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6849.335
  10. Hammond BR Jr, Curran-Celentano J, Judd S, Fuld K, Krinsky NI, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns. Vision Res 1996;36:2001-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(95)00290-1
  11. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42: 235-40.
  12. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001;385:28-40. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.2171
  13. Shaik YB, Castellani ML, Perrella A, Conti F, Salini V, Tete S, Madhappan B, Vecchiet J, De Lutiis MA, Caraffa A, Cerulli G. Role of quercetin (a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2006;20:47-52.
  14. Duthie SJ. Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc Nutr Soc 2011;70:47-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665110003952
  15. Palozza P, Catalano A, Simone R, Cittadini A. Lycopene as a guardian of redox signalling. Acta Biochim Pol 2012;59:21-5.
  16. Lo HM, Tsai YJ, Du WY, Tsou CJ, Wu WB. A naturally occurring carotenoid, lutein, reduces PDGF and H(2)O(2) signaling and compromised migration in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2012;19:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-19-18
  17. Mangels AR, Block G, Frey CM, Patterson BH, Taylor PR, Norkus EP, Levander OA. The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. J Nutr 1993;123: 1054-61.
  18. Holden JM, Eldridge AL, Beecher GR, Buzzard M, Bhagwat S, Davis CS, Douglass LW, Gebhardt S, Haytowitz D, Schakel S. Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database. J Food Compost Anal 1999;12:169-96. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.1999.0827
  19. Cho YS, Park YH, Yoon S, Kim H, Lee-Kim YC, Yeum KJ, Tang G, Blumberg JB, Russell RM. Phytonutrient Contents in Vegetables/Fruits/Legumes. Seoul: Shinkwang Pub; 2009.
  20. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods. Beltsville: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2004.
  21. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods - Release 2.1. Beltsville: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2007.
  22. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods - Release 2.0. Beltsville: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2008.
  23. Perez-Jimenez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A. Systematic analysis of the content of 502 polyphenols in 452 foods and beverages: an application of the phenol-explorer database. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:4959-69. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100128b
  24. Pérez-Jimenez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A. Identification of the 100 richest edietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64 Suppl 3:S112-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.221
  25. Neveu V, Perez-Jimenez J, Vos F, Crespy V, du Chaffaut L, Mennen L, Knox C, Eisner R, Cruz J, Wishart D, Scalbert A. Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database (Oxford) 2010;2010:bap024.
  26. Arabbi PR, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Flavonoids in vegetable foods commonly consumed in Brazil and estimated ingestion by the Brazilian population. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:1124-31. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0499525
  27. Correa CR, Li L, Aldini G, Carini M, Chen CY, Chun HK, Cho SM, Park KM, Russell RM, Blumberg JB, Yeum KJ. Composition and stability of phytochemicals in five varieties of black soybeans (Glycine max). Food Chem 2010;123:1176-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.083
  28. Nisha P, Abdul Nazar P, Jayamurthy P. A comparative study on antioxidant activities of different varieties of Solanum melongena. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:2640-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.026
  29. Lenucci MS, Cadinu D, Taurino M, Piro G, Dalessandro G. Antioxidant composition in cherry and high-pigment tomato cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2606-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052920c
  30. Li L, Aldini G, Carini M, Chen CY, Chun HK, Cho SM, Park KM, Correa CR, Russell RM, Blumberg JB, Yeum KJ. Characterisation, extraction efficiency, stability and antioxidant activity of phytonutrients in Angelica keiskei. Food Chem 2009;115: 227-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.015
  31. Wang SY, Chen CT, Sciarappa W, Wang CY, Camp MJ. Fruit quality, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid content of organically and conventionally grown blueberries. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:5788-94. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703775r
  32. Gonzalez R, Ballester I, Lopez-Posadas R, Suarez MD, Zarzuelo A, Martinez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011;51:331-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903584094
  33. Basu A, Du M, Sanchez K, Leyva MJ, Betts NM, Blevins S, Wu M, Aston CE, Lyons TJ. Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2011;27:206-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.01.015
  34. Gresele P, Cerletti C, Guglielmini G, Pignatelli P, de Gaetano G, Violi F. Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on vascular function: an update. J Nutr Biochem 2011;22:201-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.004
  35. Suri S, Liu XH, Rayment S, Hughes DA, Kroon PA, Needs PW, Taylor MA, Tribolo S, Wilson VG. Quercetin and its major metabolites selectively modulate cyclic GMP-dependent relaxations and associated tolerance in pig isolated coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 2010;159:566-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00556.x
  36. Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Mar Drugs 2011;9:447-65. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9030447
  37. Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K, Kikuchi N, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I. Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study. JAMA 2006;296:1255-65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.10.1255
  38. Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:560-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.560
  39. Sasazuki S, Kodama H, Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Washio M, Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Arai H, Doi Y, Kawano T, Nakagaki O, Takada K, Koyanagi S, Hiyamuta K, Nii T, Shirai K, Ideishi M, Arakawa K, Mohri M, Takeshita A. Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:401-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-2797(00)00066-1
  40. Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, Cohn JS, Harvey I, Le Cornu KA, Ryder JJ, Hall WL, Cassidy A. Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:38-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.1.38
  41. Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Youdim MB. Understanding the broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;25:187-208.
  42. Jia Z, Song Z, Zhao Y, Wang X, Liu P. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects human lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress via reducing NF-small ka, CyrillicB and MAPK protein expression. Mol Vis 2011;17:210-7.
  43. Neuhouser ML. Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk: evidence from human population studies. Nutr Cancer 2004;50:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5001_1
  44. Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 2004;74:2157-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.047
  45. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S. Serum alpha-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:507-15. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440
  46. Liu S, Lee IM, Ajani U, Cole SR, Buring JE, Manson JE; Physicians' Health Study. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:130-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.1.130
  47. Greenberg ER, Sporn MB. Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1189-90. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605023341810
  48. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1145-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605023341801
  49. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha- Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199404143301501
  50. Omenn GS, Goodman G, Thornquist M, Barnhart S, Balmes J, Cherniack M, Cullen M, Glass A, Keogh J, Liu D, Meyskens F Jr, Perloff M, Valanis B, Williams J Jr. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) in high-risk smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. IARC Sci Publ 1996:67-85.
  51. Yeum KJ, Beretta G, Krinsky NI, Russell RM, Aldini G. Synergistic interactions of antioxidant nutrients in a biological model system. Nutrition 2009;25:839-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.011
  52. Doba T, Burton GW, Ingold KU. Antioxidant and co-antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C, either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985;835:298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(85)90285-1
  53. Liebler DC, Kaysen KL, Burr JA. Peroxyl radical trapping and autoxidation reactions of alpha-tocopherol in lipid bilayers. Chem Res Toxicol 1991;4:89-93. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx00019a012
  54. Mortensen A, Skibsted LH. Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy. FEBS Lett 1997;417: 261-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01297-0
  55. Palozza P, Krinsky NI. beta-Carotene and alpha-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992;297:184-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90658-J
  56. Aldini G, Yeum KJ, Carini M, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents oxidative damage in both the aqueous and lipid compartments of human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;302:409-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00192-X
  57. Bertipaglia de Santana M, Mandarino MG, Cardoso JR, Dichi I, Dichi JB, Camargo AE, Fabris BA, Rodrigues RJ, Fatel EC, Nixdorf SL, Simão AN, Cecchini R, Barbosa DS. Association between soy and green tea (Camellia sinensis) diminishes hypercholesterolemia and increases total plasma antioxidant potential in dyslipidemic subjects. Nutrition 2008;24:562-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.02.007
  58. Krinsky NI. The antioxidant and biological properties of the carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;854:443-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09923.x
  59. Krinsky NI, Yeum KJ. Carotenoid-radical interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:754-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00816-7
  60. Palozza P, Krinsky NI. Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: an overview. Methods Enzymol 1992;213:403-20.
  61. Yeum KJ, Aldini G, Russell RM, Krinsky NI. Antioxidant/ Pro-oxidant Actions of Carotenoids. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhauser Verlag; 2009.
  62. Rice-Evans CA, Sampson J, Bramley PM, Holloway DE. Why do we expect carotenoids to be antioxidants in vivo? Free Radic Res 1997;26:381-98. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769709097818
  63. Ziegler RG. Vegetables, fruits, and carotenoids and the risk of cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:251S-259S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.1.251S
  64. Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. The role of beta-carotene in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;691:148-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26166.x
  65. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CC, Elton RA, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene. Lancet 1991;337:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)93327-6
  66. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Nierenberg DW, Stevens MM, Mandel JS, Haile RW. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996;275:699-703. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530330043027
  67. Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E, Druesne-Pecollo N, Touvier M, Favier A, Latino-Martel P, Briancon S, Galan P. Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Int J Cancer 2010;127:1875-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25201
  68. Kim J, Kim MK, Lee JK, Kim JH, Son SK, Song ES, Lee KB, Lee JP, Lee JM, Yun YM. Intakes of vitamin A, C, and E, and beta-carotene are associated with risk of cervical cancer: a case-control study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2010;62:181-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580903305326
  69. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL Jr, Valanis B, Williams JH Jr, Barnhart S, Cherniack MG, Brodkin CA, Hammar S. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1550-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550
  70. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Malila N, Tala E, Liippo K, Salomaa ER, Tangrea JA, Teppo L, Askin FB, Taskinen E, Erozan Y, Greenwald P, Huttunen JK. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1560-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.21.1560
  71. Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Norat T, Barrandon E, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S. Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer 2010;127:172-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25008
  72. Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG. Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:850-5.
  73. Johnston CS, Taylor CA, Hampl JS. More Americans are eating "5 a day" but intakes of dark green and cruciferous vegetables remain low. J Nutr 2000;130:3063-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.12.3063
  74. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2000.
  75. Batieha AM, Armenian HK, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Spate VE, Comstock GW. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2:335-9.
  76. Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ, Bostwick DG, Williams AW, Moore BJ, Erdman JW Jr. cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:823-33.
  77. Guil-Guerrero JL, Ramos-Bueno R, Rodríguez-García I, Lopez- Sanchez C. Cytotoxicity screening of several tomato extracts. J Med Food 2011;14:40-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0051
  78. Micozzi MS, Beecher GR, Taylor PR, Khachik F. Carotenoid analyses of selected raw and cooked foods associated with a lower risk for cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:282-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.4.282
  79. Stahl W, Sies H. Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans. J Nutr 1992;122:2161-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.11.2161
  80. Yeum KJ, Booth SL, Sadowski JA, Liu C, Tang G, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:594-602. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.4.594
  81. Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 2000;405:903-4.
  82. Liu M, Li XQ, Weber C, Lee CY, Brown J, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of raspberries. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:2926-30. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0111209
  83. de Kok TM, van Breda SG, Manson MM. Mechanisms of combined action of different chemopreventive dietary compounds: a review. Eur J Nutr 2008;47 Suppl 2:51-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-008-2006-y
  84. Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr 2004;134:3479S-3485S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3479S
  85. Somerset SM, Johannot L. Dietary flavonoid sources in Australian adults. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:442-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802143836
  86. Lin LZ, Harnly JM. Identification of the phenolic components of collard greens, kale, and Chinese broccoli. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:7401-8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901121v
  87. Olsen H, Aaby K, Borge GI. Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. Convar. acephala Var. sabellica) by HPLC-DADESI- MSn. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:2816-25. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803693t
  88. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U
  89. Chen C, Tang HR, Sutcliffe LH, Belton PS. Green tea polyphenols react with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals in the bilayer of liposomes: direct evidence from electron spin resonance studies. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:5710-4. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000807a
  90. Fuhrman B, Aviram M. Flavonoids protect LDL from oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001;12:41-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200102000-00008
  91. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A, Menotti A, Nedeljkovic S, Pekkarinen M, Simic BS, Toshima H, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:381-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430040053006
  92. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD, Burke V, Mori TA, Caccetta RA, Beilin LJ. Acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on lipoprotein oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1103-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1103
  93. van het Hof KH, de Boer HS, Wiseman SA, Lien N, Westrate JA, Tijburg LB. Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1125-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1125
  94. Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Lujan-Barroso L, Slimani N, Romieu I, Fedirko V, de Magistris MS, Ericson U, Amiano P, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Naska A, Engeset D, Skeie G, Cassidy A, Overvad K, Peeters PH, Huerta JM, Sanchez MJ, Quiros JR, Sacerdote C, Grioni S, Tumino R, Johansson G, Johansson I, Drake I, Crowe FL, Barricarte A, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Rossum CT, Norat T, Romaguera D, Vergnaud AC, Tjonneland A, Halkjær J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Salvini S, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Boeing H, Förster J, Riboli E, González CA. Estimated dietary intakes of flavonols, flavanones and flavones in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24 hour dietary recall cohort. Br J Nutr 2011;106:1915-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451100239X
  95. Yamada T, Hayasaka S, Shibata Y, Ojima T, Saegusa T, Gotoh T, Ishikawa S, Nakamura Y, Kayaba K; Jichi Medical School Cohort Study Group. Frequency of citrus fruit intake is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the Jichi Medical School cohort study. J Epidemiol 2011;21:169-75. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20100084
  96. Hollman PC, Feskens EJ, Katan MB. Tea flavonols in cardiovascular disease and cancer epidemiology. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:198-202. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-220-44365
  97. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
  98. World Health Organization. Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Initiatiative. A Meeting Report; 2003 Aug 25-27. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
  99. World Health Organization; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
  100. Haytowitz DB, Lemar LE, Pehrsson PR, Exler J, Patterson KK, Thomas RG, Nickle MS, Williams JR, Showell BA, Khan M, Duvall M, Holden JM. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. Beltsville: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2011.
  101. Chu YF, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:6910-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020665f
  102. Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:7449-54. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0207530

피인용 문헌

  1. The Folin–Ciocalteu assay revisited: improvement of its specificity for total phenolic content determination vol.5, pp.21, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41125g
  2. Anti-aging Potential of Extracts Prepared from Fruits and Medicinal Herbs Cultivated in the Gyeongnam Area of Korea vol.19, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.178
  3. Multifunctional biomolecules with roles in abiotic stress tolerance as well as nutraceutical potential vol.26, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-016-0372-8
  4. 재배지역에 따른 농산물의 phytochemical 함량 vol.20, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2013.20.4.451
  5. Identification and evaluation of antioxidants in Japanese parsley vol.67, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1170770
  6. Nutritional and bioactive compounds composition of Eulepida mashona, an edible beetle in Zimbabwe vol.2, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2015.0050
  7. 생여주의 산화방지, 알파글루코시데이스 저해 활성 및 여주초절임의 카란틴과 루테인 함량 변화 vol.50, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.9721/kjfst.2018.50.4.430
  8. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity profile of selected cereal sprouts and grasses vol.22, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1588297
  9. Profile of chlorophylls and carotenoids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) microgreens vol.56, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03768-9
  10. The Impact of the Method Extraction and Different Carrot Variety on the Carotenoid Profile, Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Juices vol.9, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121759
  11. Adjunctive Nutraceutical Therapies for COVID-19 vol.22, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041963
  12. Occurrence and Determination of Carotenoids and Polyphenols in Different Paprika Powders from Organic and Conventional Production vol.26, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102980
  13. Analysis of Lipophilic Antioxidants in the Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using LC-MRM-MS and GC-FID/MS vol.10, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101573