Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng

  • Kim, Dong-Hyun (Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University)
  • Received : 2011.10.01
  • Accepted : 2011.10.31
  • Published : 2012.01.11
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Abstract

The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, and $Rk_1$ by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside $Rh_1$, proto- and panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.

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  56. 20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol, a ginsenoside derivative, boosts innate immune responses of monocytes and macrophages vol.37, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.293
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  68. Blood pressure-lowering effect of Korean red ginseng associated with decreased circulating Lp-PLA2 activity and lysophosphatidylcholines and increased dihydrobiopterin level in prehypertensive subject vol.39, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.7
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  73. Insight into the Hydrolytic Selectivity of β -Glucosidase to Enhance the Contents of Desired Active Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants vol.2018, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4360252
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  77. 20( S )-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition by Downregulating SIRT1 vol.10, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00475
  78. Osteoarthritis Is a Low-Grade Inflammatory Disease: Obesity’s Involvement and Herbal Treatment vol.2019, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2037484
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  83. Synthesizing ginsenoside Rh2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory at high-efficiency vol.5, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-018-0075-5
  84. Pharmacological Investigation of “Meridian Tropism” in Three “Shen” Chinese Herbs vol.10, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4236/cm.2019.104007
  85. Natural Product Ginsenoside 20(S)-25-Methoxyl-Dammarane-3β, 12β, 20-Triol in Cancer Treatment: A Review of the Pharmacological Mechanisms and Pharmacokinetics vol.11, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00521
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  89. Bifidobacteria-Fermented Red Ginseng and Its Constituents Ginsenoside Rd and Protopanaxatriol Alleviate Anxiety/Depression in Mice by the Amelioration of Gut Dysbiosis vol.12, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040901
  90. Effects of different polyaniline emeraldine compositions in electrodepositing ginsenoside encapsulated poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microcapsules coating: Physicochemical characterization vol.108, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36891
  91. Highly efficient production of diverse rare ginsenosides using combinatorial biotechnology vol.117, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27325
  92. Characteristics of Panax ginseng Cultivars in Korea and China vol.25, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112635
  93. Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Salivary Testosterone and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: An Exploratory Study vol.12, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061582
  94. Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities vol.10, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10071028
  95. Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis vol.52, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102457
  96. 20S-Protopanaxatriol Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis, Potentially Involving FXR-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling Cascades vol.68, pp.31, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01978
  97. Research Quality-Based Multivariate Modeling for Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Black and Red Ginseng vol.12, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092590
  98. Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies vol.25, pp.19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194390
  99. Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease in C57BL/6N mice through the AMPK and MAPK pathways vol.11, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02396e
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  102. Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 on Inhibiting Differentiation, Adipogenesis, and ER Stress-Mediated Cell Death in Brown Adipocytes vol.2021, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668665
  103. Solid-State Fermentation With Aspergillus cristatus Enhances the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Associated Skin Anti-aging Activity of Panax notoginseng vol.12, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.602135
  104. Role of Bioactive Constituents of Panax notoginseng in the Modulation of Tumorigenesis: A Potential Review for the Treatment of Cancer vol.12, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.738914
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  106. A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells vol.11, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041725
  107. Anti-Metastatic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition by Ginsenosides vol.9, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020198
  108. Differentiation-promoting and Protective Effects of the Fractions of Various Ginseng Species in C2C12 Cells vol.29, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2021.29.2.135
  109. Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction by North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) vol.99, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2020-0480
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  112. Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of American ginseng in Jilin province of China based on ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry vol.56, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.4787
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  115. Ginsenosides Conversion and Anti-Oxidant Activities in Puffed Cultured Roots of Mountain Ginseng vol.9, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122271