청개구리 배아를 활용한 화학물질의 독성평가 연구

Toxicity Evaluation of Chemicals using Tree Frog Embryos, Hyla japonica

  • Ko, Sun-Kun (Deptartment of Biology, Honam University)
  • 투고 : 2012.07.25
  • 심사 : 2012.09.13
  • 발행 : 2012.10.31

초록

국내에 서식하는 개구리의 배아를 이용하여 화학물질의 독성평가에 대한 가능성을 파악하기 위해 FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) 기법에 따라 청개구리(Hyla japonica)의 배아를 배양하면서 $Cu^{2+}$과 Tebuconazole의 효과를 probit 분석법으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, $Cu^{2+}$과 Tebuconazole의 농도에 의존하여 유생의 체장 길이는 감소하고 치사율과 기형율은 증가하였으며 $Cu^{2+}$과 Tebuconazole의 teratogenic concentration($EC_{50}$)은 각각 0.05, 5.0mg/L을 나타내었고 embryo lethal concentrations($LC_{50}$)은 0.16, 39.1mg/L을 나타내었다. Teratogenic index($TI=LC_{50}/EC_{50}$)는 $Cu^{2+}$의 경우 3.0, Tebuconazole의 경우 7.7을 나타내어 청개구리 배아 발달에 최기형성 물질로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들로 보아 $Cu^{2+}$과 Tebuconazole 모두 낮은 농도에서 청개구리 배아의 발달에 민감하게 반응하였으며 다량의 배아 확보가 가능하였고 배양이 용이하였으며 치사율, 기형율, 성장률, 기형양상 등이 기존의 연구들과 비교하였을 때 유사한 결과를 나타내어 청개구리 배아를 활용한 시험기법은 화학물질 및 환경오염물질의 독성검정에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this experiment, I investigated toxicity evaluation of chemicals using domestic frog embryos, along FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol. I investigated $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole effect on the tree frog, Hyla japonica, embryos by probit analysis. Mortality and malformation rates increased and larval body length decreased depending on the concentrations of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole. The teratogenic concentration ($EC_{50}$) of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 0.05, 5.0mg/${\ell}$, respectively and the embryo lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 0.16, 38.5, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) appeared 3.0 in $Cu^{2+}$ and 7.7 in Tebuconazole, which showed teratogenicity in embryonic development of Hyla japonica. These results reveal that $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole in this experiment suppressed the development of embryos at relatively low concentration. Much of Hyla japonica embryos can be secured, and easy to incubate. In addition, mortality, malformation ratios, malformation patterns and growth rates are similar to the results from the other assay systems. Therefore, the Hyla japonica embryo teratogenesis assay system could be a useful tool to evaluate toxicity of pollutants in environment.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bantle, J.A., J.N. Dumont, R.A. Finch and G. Linder(1998) Atlas of Abnormalities: a Guide for the Perfom ance of FETAX. Oklahoma State University, 72pp.
  2. Bantle, J.A., R.A. Finch, D.T. Burton, D.J. Fort, D.A. Dawson, G. Linder, J.R. Rayburn, M. Hull, M. Kumsher-King, A.M. Gaudet-Hull and S.D. Turley(1996) FETAX interlaboratory validation study: phase III--part 1 testing, J. Appl. Toxicol. 16: 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199611)16:6<517::AID-JAT385>3.0.CO;2-R
  3. Bantle, J.A., D.J. Fort, J.R. Rayburn, D.J. Deyoung and S.J. Bush(1990) Further validation of FETAX: evaluation of the developmental toxicity of five known mammalian teratogens and non-teratogens. Drug. Chem. Toxicol. 13: 267-282. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480549009032286
  4. Bantle, J.A. and C.L. Courchesne(1985) The combined use of genotoxicity and whole embryo teratogenecity screening assays in predicting teratogenic risks, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Ground-Water Quality Research, Oklahoma State University Press, OK, USA, pp. 175-176.
  5. Bernot, R.J., M.A. Brueseke, M.A. Evans-White and G.A. Lamberti(2005) Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on Daphinia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1897/03-635.1
  6. Deuchar, E.M.(1972) Xenopus laevis and Developmental Biology. Biological Reviews 47: 37-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1972.tb00970.x
  7. Dolezelova, P., S. Macova, V. Pistekova, Z. Svobodova, I. Bedanova and E. Voslarova(2008) Comparison of the sensitivity of Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata to silver nitrate in short-term tests. interdisc Toxicol. 1(2): 200-202.
  8. Fort, D.J., D.A. Dawson and J.A. Bantle(1988) Development of ametabolic activation system for the frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus(FETAX). Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen 8: 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.1770080502
  9. Gutleb, A.C., J. Appelman, M.C. Bronkhorst, J.H.J. van den Berg, A. Spenkelink, A. Brouwer and A.J. Murk(1999) Delayed dffects of pre-and early-life time exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on tadpoles of two amphibian species(Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria). Enviromental Toxicology and Pharmacology 8: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(99)00023-X
  10. Hwang, Y.G., M.J. Lee, Y.H. Lee, S.W. Cheong and C.S. Yoon(2010) Toxic Effects of Fungicide Tebuconazole on the Early Development of African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis. Journal of the Environmental Sciences 19(8): 1,001-1,012. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2010.19.8.1001
  11. Johnson, R.E. and E.P. Volpe(1973) Patterns and Experiments in developmental biology. In: Observation and experiments on the living frog embryo. WM. C. Brown Co. 7-9, pp. 215-227.
  12. Kang, H.S., M.C. Gye, J.S. Lee, Y.D. Yoon and M.K. Kim(2004) Effects of Alachlor and Endosulfa on the Survival and Malformation of Bombina orientalis Embros. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 22(2): 300-307. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Ko, S.K.(2006) Effect of $Cd^{2+}$ on the Oocyte Maturation and Developmental Stages of Brown Frog Embryo, Rana dybowskii in vitro. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 20(3): 345-351. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Korani, M., S.M. Rezayat, K. Gilani, S. Arbabi Bidgoli and S. Adeli(2011) Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of nanosilver in guinea pig. International Journal of Nanomedicine 6: 855-862.
  15. Luo, S.Q., M.C. Plowman, S.M. Hopfer and F.W. Sunderman Jr.(1993) Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ for Xenopus laevis, assayed by the FETAX procedure. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 23(2): 111-120.
  16. Mann, R.M. and J.R. Bidwell(2000) Application of the FETAX protocol to assess the developmental toxicity of nonylphenol ethoxylate to Xenopus laevis and two Australian frogs. Aquatic Toxicology. 51: 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00106-5
  17. Mathew, W.W.(1986) Atlas of descripttive embryology. Forth Ed. Macmillan Pub. Co., New York, 54pp.
  18. Morvahedian, H., B. Bina and G.H. Asghari(2005) Toxicity Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents Using Daphnia magna. Iranian J Env Health Sci Eng. 2(2): 1-4.
  19. Morgan, M.K., P.R. Scheuerman, C.S. Bishop and R.A. Pyles(1996) Teratogenic potential of atrazine and 2.4-D using FETAX, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 48: 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/009841096161401
  20. Presutti, C., C. Vismara, M. Camatini and G. Bernardini(1994) Ecotoxicological Effects of a Nonionic Detergent(Triton DF-16) Assayed by ModFETAX. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53: 405-411.
  21. Richter, C.A., N. Garcia-Reyero, C. Martyniuk, I. Knoebl, M. Pope, M.K. Wright-Osment, N.D. Denslow and D.E. Tillitt(2011) Gene Expression Changes in Female Zebrafish(Danio rerio) Brain in Response to Acute Exposure to Methylmercury. Environ Toxicol Chem. 30(2): 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.409
  22. Stout, M.D., A. Nyska, B.J. Collins, K.L. Witt, G.E. Kissling, D.E. Malarkey and M.J. Hooth(2009) Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Chromium Picolinate Monohydrate Administered in Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice for 2 Years. Food Chem Toxicol. 47(4): 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.006