참고문헌
- Alexander, D.T.L., P.A. Crozier, and J.R. Anderson, 2008: Brown carbon spheres in east Asian outflow and their optical properties. Science, 321, 833-836. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155296
- Anderson, T.L., D.S. Covert, S.F. Marshall, M.L. Laucks, R.J. Charlson, A.P. Waggoner, J.A. Ogren, R. Caldow, R.L. Holm, F.R. Quant, G.J. Sem, A. Wiedensohler, N.A. Ahlquist, and T.S. Bates, 1996: Performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three wavelength, total scatter/backscatter nephelometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 13(5), 967-986. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0967:PCOAHS>2.0.CO;2
- Arnott, W. P., K. Hamasha, H. Moosmuller, P. J. Sheridan, and J. A. Ogren, 2005: Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3- wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901972
- Bohner, J., 2006: General climatic controls and topoclimatic variations in Central and High Asia. BOREAS, 35, 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480500456073
- Bonasoni, P., P. Laj, A. Marinoni, M. Sprenger, F. Angelini, J. Arduini, U. Bonaf`e, F. Calzolari, T. Colombo, S. Decesari, C. Di Biagio, A.G. di Sarra, F. Evangelisti, R. Duchi, M.C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi, G.P. Gobbi, M. Maione, A. Panday, F. Roccato, K. Sellegri, H. Venzac, G.P. Verza, P. Villani, E. Vuillermoz, and P. Cristofanelli, 2010: Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7515-7531, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010.
- Bond, T.C., D.G. Streets, K.F. Yarber, S.M. Nelson, J.H. Woo, and Z. Klimont, 2004: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J. Geophys, Res., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.
- Bond, T.C., D.G. Streets, K.F. Yarber, S.M. Nelson, J.H. Woo, and Z. Klimont, E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, R. Jogani, S. Jung, C. Roden, D.G. Streets, and N.M. Trautmann, 2007: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energyrelated combustion, 1850-2000. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840.
- Chakrabarty, R.K., H. Moosmuller, L.-W. A. Chen, K. Lewis, W. P. Arnott, C. Mazzolen, M. Dubey, C. E. Wold, W. M. Hao, and S. M. Kreidenweis, 2010: Brown carbon in tar balls from smoldering biomass combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6363-6370, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6363-2010.
- Corrigan, C.E., V. Ramanathan, and J.J. Schauer, 2006: Impact of monsoon transition on the physical and optical properties of aerosol. J. Gephys. Res., 111, D18208, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006370.
- Decesari, S., M.C. Facchini, C. Carbone, L. Giulianelli, M. Rinaldi, E. Finessi, S. Fuzzi, A. Marinoni, P. Cristofanelli, R. Duchi, P. Bonasoni, E. Vuillermoz, J. Cozic, J.L. Jaffrezo, and P. Laj, 2010: Chemical composition of PM10 and PM1 at the high-altitude Himalayan station Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) (5079ma.s.l.). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4583-4596. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4583-2010
- Ganguly, D., A. Jayaraman, H. Gadhavi, and T.A. Rajesh, 2005: Features in wavelength dependence of aerosol absorption observed over central India. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13821, doi:10.1029/2005GL023023.
- Hansen, A.D.A., H. Rosen, and T. Novakov, 1984: The aethalometer-an instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. Sci. Total Environ., 36, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(84)90265-1
- Hansen, A.D.A., H. Rosen, and T. Novakov, 2003: The Aethalometer. Manual, Magee Scientific, Berkeley, California, USA.
- Kim, S.W., S.C. Yoon, J. Kim, and S.Y. Kim, 2007: Seasonal and monthly variations of columnar aerosol optical properties over East Asia determined from multi-year MODIS, LIDAR, and AERONET Sun/sky radiometer measurements. Atmos. Environ., 41, 1634-1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.044
- Kirchstetter, T. W., T. Novakov, and P. V. Hobbs, 2004: Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004999.
- Kistler, R. E., H. Moosmuller, L.-W. A. Chen, K. Lewis, W. P. Arnott, C. Mazzolen, M. Dubey, C. E. Wold, W. M. Hao, and S. M. Kreidenweis,, 2001: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3.CO;2
- Krishnan, P., and P.K. Kunhikrishnan, 2004: Temporal variations of ventilation coefficient at a tropical Indian station using UHF wind profiler. Curr. Sci., 86, 447-451.
- Lawrence, M.G., and J. Lelieveld, 2010: Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11017-11096. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010
- Marinoni, A., P. Cristofanelli, P. Laj, R. Duchi, F. Calzolari, S. Decesari, K. Sellegri, E. Vuillermoz, G.P. Verza, P. Villani, and P. Bonasoni, 2010: Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, two year-round observations at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8551-8562. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8551-2010
- Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo, 2002: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science, 297, 2250-2253. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075159
- Petzold, A., H. Kramer, and M. Schonlinner, 2002: Continuous Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Using a Multi-Angle Absorpton Photometer. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 4, 78-82.
- Ramana, M.V., V. Ramanathan, Y. Feng, S.C. Yoon, S.W. Kim, G.R. Carmichael, and J.J. Schauer, 2010: Warming influenced by the ratio of black carbon to sulphate and the black-carbon source. Nat. Geosci., 3(8), 542-545. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo918
- Ramanathan, V., and G. Carmichael, 2008: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci, 1, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156
- Schiemann, R., D. Luthi, and C. Schar, 2009: Seasonality and Interannual Variability of the Westerly Jet in the Tibetan Plateau Region. J. Climate, 22, 2940-2957. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2625.1
- Sellegri, K., P. Laj, H. Venzac, J. Boulon, D. Picard, P. Villani, P. Bonasoni, A. Marinoni, P. Cristofanelli, and E. Vuillermoz, 2010: Seasonal variations of aerosol size distributions based on long-term measurements at the high altitude Himalayan site of Nepal Climate Observatory- Pyramid (5079 m), Nepal. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10679-10690. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10679-2010
- Yasunari, T. J., P. Bonasoni, , P. Laj, K. Fujita, E. Vuillermoz, A. Marinoni, P. Cristofanelli, R. Duchi, G. Tartari, and K.-M. Lau, 2010: Estimated impact of black carbon deposition during premonsoon season from Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid data and snow albedo changes over Himalayan glaciers. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6603-6615, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6603-2010.
- Zhang, Q., D.G. Streets, G.R. Carmichael, K. He, H. Huo, A. Kannari, Z. Klimont, I. Park, S. Reddy, J.S. Fu, D. Chen, L. Duan, Y. Lei, L. Wang, and Z. Yao, 2009: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153.