References
- Agenas, S., E. Burstedt, and K. Holtenius. 2003. Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period. 1. Feed intake, body weighr and milk production J. Dairy Sci. 86: 870-882. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73670-4
- Allen, M. S., B. J. Bradford, and K. J. Harvatine. 2005. The cow as a model to study food intake regulation. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 25: 523-547. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092704
- Bajaj, M., S. Suraamornkul, T. Pratipanawatr, L. J. Hardies, W, Pratipanawatr, L. Glass, E. Cersosimo, Y. Miyazaki, and R. A. DeFronzo. 2003. Piogitazone reduces hepatic fat contewnt and augments splanchnic glucose uptake in patients with type II Diabetes. Diabetes. 52: 1364-1370. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1364
- Barak, Y., M. C. Nelson, E. S. Ong, Y. Z. Jones, P. Ruiz-Lozano, K. R. Chien, A. Koder, and R. M. Evans. 1999. PPARgamma is required for placental, cardiac and adipose tissue development. Mol. Cell. 4: 585-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80209-9
- Bauman, D. E. and J. M. Elliot. 1983. Control of nutrient partitioning in lactating ruminants. In Biochemistry of lactation. T. B. Mepham (ed.). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, NL, pp.437-468.
- Bell, A. W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 2804-2819.
- Berger, J. P., T. E. Akiyama, and P. T. Meinke. 2005. PPARs: therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26: 244-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.003
- Bergman, R. N. and M. Ader. 2000. Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11: 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00323-4
- Bernal-Santos, G., J. W. Perfield, II, D. M. Barbano, D. E. Bauman, and T. R. Overton. 2003. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 3218-3228. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73925-3
- Braissant, O., F. Foufelle, C. Scotto, M. Dauca, and W. Wahli. 1996. Differential expression of proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat. Endocrinology. 137: 354-366. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.137.1.354
- Cataneda-Gutierrez, T. R. Overton, W. R. Butler, and D. E. Bauman. 2005. Dietary supplements of two doses of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 1078-1089. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72775-2
- Dann, H. M., N. B. Litherland, J. P. Underwood, M. Bionaz, A. D'Angelo, J. W. McFadden, and J. K. Drakley. 2006. Diets during far-off and close-up dry periods affect periparturient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 3563-3577. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72396-7
- Debra, E., J. Grizard, E. Aina, S. Tesseraud. C. Champredon, and M. Arnal. 1989. Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness during lactation and dry period in goats. Am. J. Physiol. 256: E285-E302.
- Debril, M. B., J. P. Renaud. L. Fajas, and J. Auwerx. 2001. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J. Mol. Med. 79:30-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000145
- Desvergne, B. and W. Wahli. 1999. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 20: 649-688. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.20.5.649
- Douglas, G. N., T. R. Overton, G. N. Bateman, H. M. Dann, and J. K. Drackley. 2006. Prepartal plane of nutrition, regardless of dietary energy source, affects periparturient metabolism and dry matter intake in Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2141-2157. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72285-8
- Grummer, R. R., D. G. Mashek, and A. Hayirli. 2004. Dry matter intake and energy balance in the transition period. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 20: 447-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.013
-
Guan, H. P., T. Ishizuka, P. C. Chui, M. Lehrke, and M. A. Lazar. 2005. Corepressors selectively control the transcriptional activity of
$PPAR{\gamma}$ in adipocytes. Genes and Devel. 19: 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1263305 - Guo, L. and R. Tabrizchi. 2006. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as a drug target in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Pharmacol. Ther. 111: 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.009
- Harvatine, K. J., and D. E. Bauman. 2007. Expression of PPAR and LXR nuclear hormone receptor families are not modified during milk fat depression induced by diet or treatment with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Dairy Sci. 90 Suppl: 59 (abstr.)
- Hayirli, A. 2006. The role of exogenous insulin in the complex hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle. Vet. Res. Comm. 30: 749-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-006-3320-6
- Heuer, C., Y. H. Schukken, and P. Dobbelaar. 1999. Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test dairy milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield and culling in commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 295-304. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75236-7
- Holtenius, K., S. Agenas, C. Delavaud, and Y. Chiliard. 2003. Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period. 2. Metabolic and hormonal responses. J. Dairy Sci. 86:883-891. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73671-6
- Houseknecht, K. L., B. M. Cole, and P. J. Steele. 2002. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its ligands: a review. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 22: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00117-5
- Ingvartsen, K. L. and J. B. Andersen. 2000. Integration of metabolism and intake regulation: a review focusing on periparturient animals. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 1573-1597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75029-6
-
Joosen, A. M. C. P., A. H. F. Bakker, M. J. A. Gering, and K. R. Westerterp. 2006. The effect of
$PPAR{\gamma}$ ligand rosiglitazone on energy balance regulation. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 22: 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.592 - Kahn, C. R. 1978. Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction. Metabolism 27: 1893-1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(78)80007-9
- Klinkner, D. B., H. J. Lim, E. Y. Strawn, K. T. Oldham and T. L. Sander. 2006. An in vivo murine model of rosiglitazone use in pregnancy. Fertil. Steril. 86: 1074-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.024
- Kushibiki, S., K. Hodate, H. Shingu, Y. Ueda, M. Shinoda, Y. Mori, T. Itoh, and Y. Yokomizo. 2001. Insulin resistance induced in dairy steers by tumor necrosis factor alpha is partially reversed by 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 21: 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00102-3
-
Larsen, P. J., P. B. Jensen, R. V. Sorensen, L. K. Larsen, N. Vrang, E. M. Wulff, and K. Wassermann. 2003. Differential influences of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
${\gamma}\;and\;-{\alpha}$ on food intake and energy homeostasis. Diabetes. 52: 2249-2259. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2249 - Leturque, A., P. Ferre, A. F. Burnol, J. Kande, P. Maulard, and J. Girard. 1986. Glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity in vivo in tissues of vrigin and pregnant rats. Diabetes. 35: 172-177. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.35.2.172
- Leury, B. J., L. H. Baumgard, S. S. Block, N. Segoale, R. A. Ehrhardt, R. P. Rhoads, D. E. Bauman, A. W. Bell and Y. R. Boisclair. 2003. Effect of insulin and growth hormone on plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285: R1107-R1115.
- Mackle, T. R., D. A. Dwyer, K. L. Ingvartsen, P. Y. Chouinard, J. M. Lynch, D. M. Barbano, and D. E. Bauman. 1999. Effects of insulin and amino acids on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 1512-1524. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75378-6
- Maeda, N., M. Takahashi, T. Funahashi, S. Kihara, H. Nishizawa, K. Kishida, H. Nagaretani, M. Mstsuda, R. Komuro, N. Ouchi, H. Kuriymam, K. Hotta, T. Nakamura, I. Shimomura, and Y. Matsuzawa. 2001. PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes. 50: 2094-2099. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2094
-
Martin, G., K. Schoonjans, B. Staels, and J. Auwerx. 1998.
$PPAR{\gamma}$ activators improveglucose homeostasis by stimulating fatty acid uptake in adipocytes. Atherosclerosis. 137 Suppl.: S75-S80. - Mashek, D. G., K. L. Ingvartsen, J. B. Andersen, M. Vestergaard, and T. Larsen. 2001. Effect of a four-day hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in early and mid-lactation dairy cows on plasma concentrations of metabolites, hormones, and binding proteins. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 21: 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00112-6
- Mayerson, A. B., R. S. Hundal, S. Dufour, V. Lebon, D. Befroy, G. W. Cline, S. Enocksson, S. E. Inzucchi, G. I. Shulman, and K. F. Petersen. 2002. The effects of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, and hepatic and skeletal muscle triglyceride content in patients with type II Diabetes. 51: 797-802. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.3.797
- McGuire, M. A., J. M. Griinari, D. A. Dwyer, and D. E. Bauman. 1995. Role of insulin in the regulation of mammary synthesis of fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 78: 816-824. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76693-0
- Metz, S. H. M. and S. G. van den Bergh. 1972. Effects of volatile fatty acids, ketone bodies, glucose, and insulin on lipolysis in bovine adipose tissue. Febs. Letters. 21: 203-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(72)80137-6
- Metz, S. H. M. and S. G. van den Bergh. 1977. Regulation of fat mobilization in adipose tissue of dairy cows in the period around parturition. Net. J. Agric. Sci. 25: 198-211.
- Oakes, N. D., P. G. Thalen, S. M. Jacinto, and B. Ljung. 2001. Thiazolidinediones increase plasma-adipose tissue FFA exchange capacity and enhance insulin-mediated control systemic FFA availability. Diabetes. 50: 1158-1165. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1158
- Odens, L. J., R. Burgos, M. Innocenti, M. J. VanBaale, and L. H. Baumgard. 2007. Effects of varing doses of supplemental conjugated linoleic acid on production and energetic variables during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 293-305. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72630-9
- Oetzel, G. R. 2004. Monitoring and testing dairy herds for metabolic disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food anim. Pract. 20: 651-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.006
- Ohyama, M., K. Matsuda, S. Torii, T. Matsui, H. Yano, T. Kawada and T. Ishihara. 1998. The interaction between vitamin A and thiazoldinediones on bovine adipocyte differentiation in primary culture. J. Anim Sci. 76: 61-65.
- Petterson, J. A., F. R.Dunshea, R. A. Ehrhardt, and A. W. Bell. 1993. Pregnancy and undernutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. J. Nutr. 123: 1286-1295.
- Petterson, J. A., R. Slepetis, R. A. Ehrhardt, F. R. Dunshea, and A. W. Bell. 1994. Pregnancy but not moderate undernutrition attenuates insulin suppression of fat mobilization in sheep. J. Nutr. 124: 2431-2436.
- Pires, J. A. A., A. H. Souza, and R. R. Grummer. 2007. Induction of hyperlipidemia by intravenous infusion of tallow emulsion causes insulin resistance in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2735-2744. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-759
-
Rangwala, S. M. and M. A. Lazar. 2004. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
${\gamma}$ in diabetes and metabolism. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25: 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2004.03.012 - Rosen, E. D. and B. M. Spiegelman. 2000. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16: 145-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.145
- Rukkwamsuk, T., T. Wensing, and M. J. H. Geelen. 1998. Effect of overfeeding during the dry period on gegulation of adipose tissue metabolism in dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 2904-2911. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75851-5
- Sano, H., M. Nakai, T. Kondo, and Y. Terashima. 1991. Insulin responsiveness to glucose and tissue responsiveness to insulin in lactating, pregnant and nonpregnant, nonlactating beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 1122-1127.
- Sasaki, S. 1990. Mechanism of insulin resistance in post receptor events in sheep: 3-O-methylglucose transport in ovine adipocytes. Horm. Metab. Res. 22: 457-461. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1004947
- Sevillano, J., I. C. Lopez-Perez, E. Herrera, M. Del Pilar Ramos, and C. Bocos. 2005. Englitazone administration to late pregnant rats produces delayed body growth and insulin resistance in their fetuses and neonates. Biochem. J. 389: 913-918. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20041837
- Sharma, A. M. and B. Staels. 2007. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adipose tissue - understanding obesity-related changes in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 386-395.
- Shimizu, H., T. Tsuchiya, N. Sato, Y. Shimomura, I. Kobayashi, and M. Mori. 1998. Troglitazone reduces plasma leptin concentration but increases hunger in NIDDM patients. Diab. Care. 21: 1470-1474. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.9.1470
- Sundvold, H. A. Brzozowska and S. Lien. 1997. Characterisation of bovine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2: genetic mapping and differential expression of the two isoforms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239: 857-861. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7564
- Tchoukalova, Y. D., D. B. Hausman, R. G. Dean, and G. J. Hausman. 2000. Enhancing effect of troglitazone on porcine adipocyte differentiation in primary culture: a comparison with dexamethasone. Obes. Res. 8: 664-672. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2000.85
- Tonelli, J. W. Li, P. Kishore, U. B. Pajvani, E. Kwon, C. Weaver, P. E. Scherer and M. Hawkins. 2004. Mechanism of early insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones in type II diabetes. Diabetes. 53: 1621-1629. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1621
- Tontonoz, P., E. Hu, J. Devine, E. G. Beale, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1995. PPAR gamma 2 regulates adipose expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylinase gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 351-357.
- Vernon, R. G., R. A. Clegg, and D. J. Flint. 1981. Metabolism of sheep adipose tissue during pregnancy and lactation. Biochem. J. 200: 307-314.
- Vernon, R. G. and E. Taylor. 1988. Insulin, dexamethasone and their interactions in the control of glucose metabolism in adipose tissue from lactating and nonlactating sheep. Biochem. J. 256: 509-514.
- Vernon, R. G., A. Faulkner, W. W. Hay, D. T. Calvert, and D. J. Flint. 1990. Insulin resistance of hind-limb tissues in vivo in lactating sheep. Biochem. J. 270: 783-786.
-
Wan, Y., A. Saghatelian, L. W. Chong, C. L. Zhang, B. F. Crafatt, and R. M. Evans. 2007. Maternal
$PPAR{\gamma}$ protects nursing neonates by suppressing the production of inflammatory milk. Genes and Devel. 21: 1895-1908. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1567207 - Wilson, T. M., P. J. Brown, D. D. Sternbach, and B. R. Henke. 2000. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J. Med. Chem. 43:527-550. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm990554g
- Wolden-Hanson, T., B. T. Marck, and A. M. Matsumoto. 2002. Troglitazone treatment of aging Brown Norway rats improves food intake and weight gain after fasting without increasing hypothalamic NPY gene expression. Exper. Geront. 37: 679-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5565(01)00233-9
- Wu, P., K. Sato, F. Suzuta, Y. Hikasa, and K. Kagota. 2000. Effects of lipid-related factors on adipocyte differentiation of bovine stromal-vascular cells in primary culture. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62: 933-939. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.933
- Yki-Jarvinen, H. 2004. Thiazolidinediones. N. Engl. J. Med. 351: 1106-1118. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041001