DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Source Profile Development for Diesel and Gasoline-Powered Vehicles

디젤 및 가솔린자동차 배출원의 구성물질 성분비 개발에 관한 연구

  • Kang, Byung-Wook (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Cho, Min-Shik (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Lee, Seung-Bok (Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Bae, Gwi-Nam (Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Lim, Cheol-Soo (Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Na, Kwang-Sam (Mobile Source Control Division, California Environmental Protection Agency) ;
  • Lee, Hak-Sung (Department of Environmental, Civil and Information System, Seowon University)
  • Received : 2010.03.26
  • Accepted : 2010.06.01
  • Published : 2010.06.30

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop the $PM_{2.5}$ source profiles for diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles, which contained mass abundances in terms of mass fraction of $PM_{2.5}$ of chemical species. Seven diesel-powered vehicles and nine gasoline-powered vehicles were sampled from a chassis dynamometer exhaust dilution system. The species measured were water-soluble ions, elements, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC). From this study, the large abundances of EC (54.5%), OC (26.0%), ${SO_4}^{2-}$ (1.5%), ${NO_3}^-$ (0.8%), and S (0.6%) were observed from the diesel-powered vehicle exhaust showing that carbons were dominant species. The gasoline-powered vehicle exhaust emitted large abundances of OC (38.3%), EC (4.2%), ${SO_4}^{2-}$ (3.6%), ${NH_4}^+$ (3.5%), and ${NO_3}^-$ (3.0%). The abundances of ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NH_4}^+$, and ${NO_3}^-$ from gasoline vehicle were greater than those of diesel vehicle. The emissions of P, S, Ca, Fe, and Zn among trace elements for the gasoline vehicle were greater than 1% of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass unlike those for the diesel vehicle. Particularly, the fraction of Zn was five times higher from the gasoline vehicle than that from the diesel vehicle. The source profiles developed in this work were intensively examined by applying chemical mass balance model.

Keywords

References

  1. Brunekreef, B., N.A. Janssen, J. de Hartog, H. Harssema, M. Knape, and P. van Vliet (1997) Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways, Epidemiology, 8, 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199705000-00012
  2. Burnett, R.T., R.E. Dales, D. Krewski, R. Vincent, T. Dann, and J.R. Brook (1995) Associations between ambient particulate sulfate and admissions to Ontariohospitals for cardiac and respiratory diseases, Am. J. of Epidemiology, 142, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117540
  3. Chow, J.C. (1995) Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc.,45, 320-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1995.10467369
  4. Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, L.L. Ashbaugh, and K.L. Magliano (2003) Similarities and differences in $PM_{10}$ chemical source profiles for geological dust from the San Joaquin Valley, California, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1317-1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01021-X
  5. Conner, W.D., R.L. Bennett, W.S. Weathers, and W.E. Wilson (1991) Particulate characteristics and visual effects of the atmosphere at Research Triangle Park, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 41(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466832
  6. Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope III, X. Xu, J.D. Spengler, J.H. Ware, and M.E. Fay (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities, N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753-1759. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312093292401
  7. Garshick, E., F. Laden, J.E. Hart, and A. Caron (2003) Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in US veterans, Epidemiology, 14, 728-736. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000082045.50073.66
  8. Huang, X., I. Olmez, N.K. Aras, and G.E. Gorden (1994) Emissions of trace elements from motor vehicles: potential marker elements and source composition profile, Atmos. Environ., 28(8), 1385-1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90201-1
  9. Jerrett, M., R.T. Burnett, R. Ma, C.A. Pope III, D. Krewski, K.B. Newbold, G. Thurston, Y. Shi, N. Finkelstein, E.E. Calle, and M.J. Thun (2005) Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles, Epidemiology, 16, 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d
  10. Kang, B.-W., H.S. Lee, and H.-K. Kim (2000) Source identification of fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) in Chongju using a chemical mass balance model, J. KOSAE, 16(5), 477-485. (in Korean with English abstract)
  11. Kang, C.-M., B.-W. Kang, Y. Sunwoo, and H.S. Lee (2008) Application of representative $PM_{2.5}$ source profiles for the chemical mass balance study in Seoul, J. KOSAE, 24(E1), 32-43.
  12. Kim, K.-S., I.J. Hwang, and D.-S. Kim (2001) Development of a receptor methodology for quantitative assessment of ambient PM-10 sources in Suwon area, J. KOSAE, 17(2), 119-131. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Lee, H., S.S. Park, K.W. Kim, and Y.J. Kim (2008) Source identification of $PM_{2.5}$ particles measured in Gwangju, Korea, Atmos. Res., 88, 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.013
  14. Lee, H.S., C.-M. Kang, B.-W. Kang, and H.-K. Kim (1999) Seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul, South Korea, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3143-3152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00382-3
  15. Lee, H.S., C.-M. Kang, B.-W. Kang, and S.-K. Lee (2004) A study on the development of source profiles for fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$), J. KOSAE, 20(3), 317-330. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Lee, H.S., S.-K. Lee, B.-W. Kang, and C.-M. Kang (2003) Final report of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation (R01-2000-000-00340-0) 2000. (in Korean with English abstract)
  17. Lowenthal, D.H., J.C. Chow, J.G. Watson, G.R. Neuroth, R.B. Robbins, B.P. Shafritz, and R.J. Countess (1992) The effects of colinearity on the ability to determine aerosol contributions from diesel and gasoline powered vehicles using the chemical mass balance model, Atmospheric Environment, 26A, 2341-2351.
  18. Na, K., A.A. Sawant, C. Song, and D.R. Cocker III (2004) Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of Western Riverside County, California, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1345-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.023
  19. Park, S.S., M.S. Bae, and Y.J. Kim (2001) Chemical composition and source apportionment of $PM_{2.5}$ particles in the Sihwa area, Korea, J. AWMA, 51(3), 393-405.
  20. Pope III, C.A., R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, and G.D. Thurson (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulomonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution, J. of the American Medical Association, 287, 1132-1141. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
  21. Seinfeld, J.H. (1986) Atmospheric chemistry and physics of air pollution, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY.
  22. Somers, C.M., B.E. McCarry, F. Malek, and J.S. Quinn (2004) Reduction of particulate air pollution lowers the risk of heritable mutations in mice, Science,304, 1008-1010. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095815
  23. Sun, Q., A. Wang, X. Jin, A. Nataonzon, D. Duquaine, R.D. Brook, J.S. Aguinaldo, Z. Fayad, V. Fuster, M. Lippman, L.C. Chen, and S. Rajagopalan (2005) Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of artherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model, J. of the American Medical Association, 294, 3003-3010. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.23.3003
  24. Urch, B., J.R. Brook, D. Wasserstein, R.D. Brook, S. Rajagopalan, P. Corey, and F. Silverman (2004) Relative contributions of $PM_{2.5}$ chemical constitutions to acute arterial vasoconstriction in humans, Inhalation Toxicology, 16(6-7), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490439489
  25. U.S. EPA (2006) SPECIATE 4.0 Speciation database development documentation.
  26. Watson, J.G., J.C. Chow, D.H. Lowenthal, L.C. Pritchett, and C.A. Frazier (1994) Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasolinepowered vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 28(15), 2493-2505. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90400-6

Cited by

  1. Characteristics of Chemical Composition in Carbonaceous Aerosol of PM2.5 Collected at Smoke from Coal Combustion vol.33, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2017.33.3.265